SIGMUND FREUD AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY: REVISITING HIS THEORIES AND LEGACY
;
Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, personality theory.Abstrak
Sigmund Freud, often regarded as the father of psychoanalysis, introduced revolutionary ideas about the unconscious mind, personality structure, defense mechanisms, and dream interpretation. This paper revisits Freud’s key theories and evaluates their influence on modern psychology. While his work laid the foundation for depth psychology and therapeutic practices, it has also faced criticism for its lack of empirical support and cultural bias. Through a review of primary and secondary literature, this study highlights both the contributions and controversies surrounding Freud's legacy. Despite evolving scientific standards, Freud’s impact on psychological theory and practice remains significant.
Iqtiboslar
Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
Man, P. (1988). Freud: A life for our time. W. W. Norton & Company.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. Basic Books.
McLeod, S. A. (2020). Sigmund Freud. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/sigmund-freud.html
Freud, S. (1915). The unconscious. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV (1914-1916).
Storr, A. (2001). Freud: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002). The psychoanalytic unconscious. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 322–340). Guilford Press.
Westen, D. (1998). Psychological inference in clinical theory: Lessons from Freud’s failures and successes. American Psychologist, 53(3), 298–312.
Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. Op. cit.
Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. Hogarth Press.
Cramer, P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further refinements and applications. American Psychologist, 55(6), 637–646.
Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. Macmillan.
Hobson, J. A., & Schatzman, M. (2007). Freudian dream theory today. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55(4), 1115–1133.
Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(6), 877–901.
