Β-LACTAM RESISTANCE IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Keywords:
Enterobacteriaceae, β-lactamase, antimicrobial resistance, β-lactam antibiotics, molecular mechanisms.Abstract
Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, although natural constituents of the gut microbiota, are responsible for numerous severe infections, including bloodstream infections. β-lactam antibiotics have long represented the cornerstone of therapeutic management for these infections. However, extensive and often inappropriate use of these agents has led to the emergence and global spread of β-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The principal mechanism of resistance involves the production of β-lactam–inactivating enzymes, notably extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases, which confer multidrug resistance and significantly restrict therapeutic options. Consequently, β-lactam resistance is associated with increased drug toxicity, higher mortality rates, and greater healthcare costs. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular mechanisms and epidemiological trends of β-lactamase-mediated resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, emphasizing its clinical implications and public health impact.
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