CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN YOUNG PEOPLE
Keywords:
Young, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, risk factor, coronary angiography.Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) has traditionally been considered a disease of the elderly. However, recent studies reveal a significant increase in the incidence of MI in young individuals (under 45 years of age), which requires close attention to the characteristics of its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. This review aims to identify specific risk factors, genetic features, clinical manifestations, and functional impairments that contribute to the development of MI in young patients.
References
Lippi G, Favaloro E, Sanchis-Gomar F. Sudden cardiac and noncardiac death in sports: epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, and prevention. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018;44:780–786.
Anderson JL and Morrow DA: Acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 376:2053–2064. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Longjian L, Ling A and Xinglong Li: Analysis of death cause in the total population in Mentougou district of Beijing from 2006 to 2015. Xian Dai Yu Fang Yi Xue. 44:1823–1826. 2017.
Randall SM, Zilkens R, Duke JM and Boyd JH: Western Australia population trends in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction between 1993 and 2012. Int J Cardiol. 222:678–682. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Jacobsen JB, Lash TL, Bøtker HE and Sørensen HT: 25 year trends in first time hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction, subsequent short and long term mortality, and the prognostic impact of sex and comorbidity: A Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 344(e356)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Dégano IR, Salomaa V, Veronesi G, Ferriéres J, Kirchberger I, Laks T, Havulinna AS, Ruidavets JB, Ferrario MM, Meisinger C, et al: Twenty-five-year trends in myocardial infarction attack and mortality rates, and case-fatality, in six European populations. Heart. 101:1413–1421. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Wang DZ, Shen CF, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Song GD, Li W, Xue XD, Xu ZL, Zhang S and Jiang GH: Fifteen-year trend in incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Tianjin of China. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 45:154–159. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese).
Hernandez-Suarez DF, Osterman-Pla AD, Carrasquillo O, Aranda J, Baez S, Lopez M and Garcia-Rivera EJ: Epidemiological profile of hispanics admitted with acute myocardial infarction in Puerto Rico: The Experience of 2007, 2009 and 2011. J Clin Med Res. 9:528–533. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Guo X, Li Z, Vittinghoff E, Sun Y and Pletcher MJ: Trends in rate of acute myocardial infarction among patients aged <30 years. Nat Rev Cardiol. 15(119)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Liu Y, Han T, Gao M, Wang J, Liu F, Zhou S and Chen Y: Clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in young smokers and non-smokers (≤45 years): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 46:81195–81203. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Veeranna V, Zalawadiya SK, Niraj A, Pradhan J, Ference B, Burack RC, Jacob S and Afonso L: Homocysteine and reclassification of cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 58:1025–1033. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Sailam V, Karalis DG, Agarwal A, Alani F, Galardi S, Covalesky V and Athanassious C: Prevalence of emerging cardiovascular risk factors in younger individuals with a family history of premature coronary heart disease and low Framingham risk score. Clin Cardiol. 31:542–545. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Ueshima H, Sekikawa A, Miura K, Turin TC, Takashima N, Kita Y, Watanabe M, Kadota A, Okuda N, Kadowaki T, et al: Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Asia: A selected review. Circulation. 118:2702–2709. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
Aggarwal, A. ∙ Aggarwal, S. ∙ Goel, A. ...
A retrospective case-control study of modifiable risk factors and cutaneous markers in Indian patients with young coronary artery disease
JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2012; 1
Google Scholar
Ghosh, K. ∙ Khare, A. ∙ Shetty, S.
Fasting plasma homocysteine levels are increased in young patients with acute myocardial infarction from Western India
Indian Heart J. 2007; 59:242-245
PubMed
Wiesbauer, F. ∙ Blessberger, H. ∙ Azar, D. ...
Familial-combined hyperlipidaemia in very young myocardial infarction survivors (< or =40 years of age)
Eur Heart J. 2009; 30:1073-1079
Crossref
Awad-Elkarim, A.A. ∙ Bagger, J.P. ∙ Albers, C.J. ...
A prospective study of long term prognosis in young myocardial infarction survivors: the prognostic value of angiography and exercise testing
Heart. 2003; 89:843-847
Hoit, B.D. ∙ Gilpin, E.A. ∙ Henning, H. ...
Myocardial infarction in young patients: an analysis by age subsets
Circulation. 1986; 74:712-721
Malmberg, K. ∙ Bavenholm, P. ∙ Hamsten, A.
Clinical and biochemical factors associated with prognosis after myocardial infarction at a young age
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24:592-599
Oliveira, A. ∙ Barros, H. ∙ Azevedo, A. ...
Impact of risk factors for non-fatal acute myocardial infarction
Eur J Epidemiol. 2009; 24:425-432
Kannel, W.B. ∙ Abbott, R.D.
Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction. An update on the Framingham study
N Engl J Med. 1984; 311:1144-1147
McManus, D.D. ∙ Piacentine, S.M. ∙ Lessard, D. ...
Thirty-year (1975 to 2005) trends in the incidence rates, clinical features, treatment practices, and short-term outcomes of patients <55 years of age hospitalized with an initial acute myocardial infarction
McGill, Jr, H.C. ∙ McMahan, C.A. ∙ Zieske, A.W. ...
Association of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors with microscopic qualities of coronary atherosclerosis in youth
Circulation. 2000; 102:374-379
Fournier, J.A. ∙ Sanchez, A. ∙ Quero, J. ...
Myocardial infarction in men aged 40 years or less: a prospective clinical-angiographic study
Clin Cardiol. 1996; 19:631-636
Doughty, M. ∙ Mehta, R. ∙ Bruckman, D. ...
Acute myocardial infarction in the young--The University of Michigan experience
Am Heart J. 2002; 143:56-62
Loughnan, M.E. ∙ Nicholls, N. ∙ Tapper, N.J.
Demographic, seasonal, and spatial differences in acute myocardial infarction admissions to hospital in Melbourne Australia
Int J Health Geogr. 2008; 7:42
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of Population and Housing. 2001
Google Scholar
Navas-Nacher, E.L. ∙ Colangelo, L. ∙ Beam, C. ...
Risk factors for coronary heart disease in men 18 to 39 years of age
Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134:433-439
Chan, M.Y. ∙ Woo, K.S. ∙ Wong, H.B. ...
Antecedent risk factors and their control in young patients with a first myocardial infarction
Singapore Med J. 2006; 47:27-30
Chouhan, L. ∙ Hajar, H.A. ∙ Pomposiello, J.C.
Comparison of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in patients aged < 35 and > 55 years
Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71:157-159
al-Koubaisy, O.K. ∙ Mehdi, R.S. ∙ Arem, F.D. ...
Cine angiographic findings in young Iraqi men with first acute myocardial infarction
Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990; 19:87-90
Zimmerman, F.H. ∙ Cameron, A. ∙ Fisher, L.D. ...
Myocardial infarction in young adults: angiographic characterization, risk factors and prognosis (Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry)
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26:654-661
Barbash, G.I. ∙ White, H.D. ∙ Modan, M. ...
Acute myocardial infarction in the young--the role of smoking. The Investigators of the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial
Eur Heart J. 1995; 16:313-316
Incalcaterra, E. ∙ Caruso, M. ∙ Lo Presti, R. ...
Myocardial infarction in young adults: risk factors, clinical characteristics and prognosis according to our experience
Clin Ter. 2013; 164:e77-e82
Yusuf, S. ∙ Hawken, S. ∙ Ounpuu, S. ...
Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study
Lancet. 2004; 364:937-952 Full Text Full Text (PDF)
Wolfe, M.W. ∙ Vacek, J.L.
Myocardial infarction in the young. Angiographic features and risk factor analysis of patients with myocardial infarction at or before the age of 35 years
Chest. 1988; 94:926-930
Crossref
Chan, C.M. ∙ Chen, W.L. ∙ Kuo, H.Y. ...
Circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction in young people
Am J Emerg Med. 2012; 30:1461-1465
Full Text
Goliasch, G. ∙ Oravec, S. ∙ Blessberger, H. ...
Relative importance of different lipid risk factors for the development of myocardial infarction at a very young age (
Eur J Clin Invest. 2012; 42:631-636
Crossref
Hosseini, S.K. ∙ Soleimani, A. ∙ Karimi, A.A. ...
Clinical features, management and in-hospital outcome of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in young adults under 40 years of age
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2009; 72:71-76
PubMed
Larsen, G.K. ∙ Seth, M. ∙ Gurm, H.S.
The ongoing importance of smoking as a powerful risk factor for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in young patients
JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173:1261-1262
Alshahrani, H. ∙ McConkey, R. ∙ Wilson, J. ...
Female gender doubles pre-hospital delay times for patients experiencing ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Saudi Arabia
Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014; 13:399-407
Poledne, R. ∙ Scheithauer, E. ∙ Bicanova, H.
Accelerated cholesterol synthesis in the monocytes of young myocardial infarction survivors
Cor Vasa. 1993; 35:99-101
Parish, S. ∙ Peto, R. ∙ Palmer, A. ...
The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol on risk: 3510 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 9805 controls
Eur Heart J. 2009; 30:2137-2146
Logue, J. ∙ Murray, H.M. ∙ Welsh, P. ...
Obesity is associated with fatal coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors and deprivation
Heart. 2011; 97:564-568
Nguyen, N.T. ∙ Nguyen, X.M. ∙ Wooldridge, J.B. ...
Association of obesity with risk of coronary heart disease: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006
Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010; 6:465-469
Kucharska-Newton, A.M. ∙ Harald, K. ∙ Rosamond, W.D. ...
Socioeconomic indicators and the risk of acute coronary heart disease events: comparison of population-based data from the United States and Finland
Ann Epidemiol. 2011; 21:572-579
Qureshi, A.I. ∙ Suri, M.F. ∙ Guterman, L.R. ...
Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Circulation. 2001; 103:502-506
Shah, N. ∙ Michel, J. ∙ Aitken, S.A. ...
Outcomes following conservative management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Heart Lung Circ. 2014; 23:e193-e196
Burns, J.C. ∙ Shike, H. ∙ Gordon, J.B. ...
Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28:253-257
Mansourati, J. ∙ Da Costa, A. ∙ Munier, S. ...
Prevalence of factor V Leiden in patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary angiography
Thromb Haemost. 2000; 83:822-825
Hamelin, B.A. ∙ Methot, J. ∙ Arsenault, M. ...
Influence of the menstrual cycle on the timing of acute coronary events in premenopausal women
Am J Med. 2003; 114:599-602
Rosenberg, L. ∙ Palmer, J.R. ∙ Rao, R.S. ...
Low-dose oral contraceptive use and the risk of myocardial infarction
Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161:1065-1070
Egiziano, G. ∙ Akhtari, S. ∙ Pilote, L. ...
Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction
Diabet Med. 2013; 30:e108-e114
Canto, J.G. ∙ Shlipak, M.G. ∙ Rogers, W.J. ...
Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain
JAMA. 2000; 283:3223-3229
Tweet, M.S. ∙ Hayes, S.N. ∙ Pitta, S.R. ...
Clinical features, management, and prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Circulation. 2012; 126:579-588
