Eurasian Journal of Academic Research

Vulvar cancer is a relatively rare gynecological malignancy; however, its incidence has shown a gradual increase, particularly among postmenopausal women. Recent advances in microbiome research have highlighted the crucial role of local microbial communities in maintaining epithelial integrity, immune regulation, and carcinogenesis. The vulvar microbiome, which consists of diverse bacterial, fungal, and viral species, plays an essential role in preserving mucosal homeostasis. Disruption of this microbial balance, known as dysbiosis, may contribute to chronic inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and altered immune responses, thereby creating a microenvironment favorable for malignant transformation.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common health problems in the pediatric population and are characterized by specific clinical features related to age, anatomical development, and functional immaturity of the digestive system. The course of gastrointestinal diseases in children often differs significantly from that in adults, with a tendency toward atypical symptoms, rapid progression, and increased risk of complications. This article aims to analyze the clinical characteristics and course of gastrointestinal tract diseases in children, emphasizing age-related manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and the importance of early detection. Understanding these features is essential for timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and prevention of long-term adverse outcomes affecting growth and development.

The development of cardiotoxicity is characterized by significant interindividual variability. Even with similar chemotherapy regimens, the severity of myocardial damage varies significantly, indicating the involvement of individual, including genetically determined, myocardial vulnerability factors. Oxidative stress, which leads to cardiomyocyte damage, impaired contractile function, and the development of electrical instability, is considered one of the key mechanisms of cardiotoxic damage. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products.

This article presents a method for determining the average color of an image using the C++ programming language and the OpenCV library. A digital image is represented as a pixel matrix, where each pixel consists of RGB values. The average color is calculated by averaging all pixel values of the image. The proposed approach is simple and computationally efficient, making it suitable for applications in computer vision, image processing, robotics, and intelligent systems. The paper provides the theoretical background, a sample C++ program, and an analysis of experimental results.

This article analyzes the economic efficiency of mechanisms for increasing innovative capacity in small businesses from a scientific, theoretical and practical perspective. In the course of the research, the impact of organizational and economic mechanisms that stimulate innovative activity, financial support tools, the introduction of digital technologies, and human capital development factors on the activities of small businesses is studied. It also highlights the possibilities of increasing production efficiency, strengthening competitiveness, improving the quality of products and services, and expanding market share by increasing innovative capacity. The article identifies criteria for assessing the economic efficiency of innovative mechanisms in small businesses and justifies the positive economic indicators achieved as a result of their implementation in practice.

This article is dedicated to studying the deep and multifaceted connection between algebraic geometry and number theory. These two areas of mathematics, though initially appearing separate, have shown throughout history an ever-closer and mutually enriching relationship. The article examines the historical evolution from Diophantine equations to modern concepts such as elliptic curves, category theory, motives, the Langlands program, and Arakelov geometry. Furthermore, the significant role of these connections in modern mathematics is analyzed, including their importance in applications such as cryptography and future research directions. The aim of the research is to provide an overview of how geometric methods help solve arithmetic problems and, conversely, how ideas from number theory contribute to the understanding of geometric structures.

Non-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis is a complex clinical and diagnostic form of the disease, in which standard microbiological verification of the pathogen is impossible. In such circumstances, the use of surgical specimens to determine the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) is particularly important, allowing for the optimization of anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens. This article examines ways to improve the effectiveness of combination therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients without bacillary excretion, taking into account the results of MBT drug susceptibility testing obtained from surgical specimens. It analyzes the possibilities of individualizing chemotherapy, increasing the clinical efficacy of treatment, and reducing the risk of drug resistance and relapse rates.

Maxillofacial oncological diseases remain a significant public health concern due to their rising prevalence, complex clinical course, and high risk of late diagnosis. The rapid development of electronic medical services has created new opportunities for improving cancer prevention, early detection, and patient management. This article aims to evaluate the role of electronic medical services in the prevention and protection of the population against maxillofacial oncological diseases. The study focuses on the use of digital health technologies, including electronic medical records, telemedicine platforms, and health information systems, in enhancing accessibility to oncological care, supporting early diagnostic processes, and improving preventive healthcare strategies. The findings demonstrate that electronic medical services contribute to timely identification of high-risk patients, optimization of clinical decision-making, and strengthening of preventive measures in maxillofacial oncology.

Periapical tissue inflammation is a common dental pathology that may lead to serious local and systemic complications, particularly in pregnant women. Physiological and hormonal changes during pregnancy can influence immune response, inflammatory processes, and oral health status, increasing the risk of progression and complications of periapical lesions. This article aims to analyze the main complications associated with periapical tissue inflammation in pregnant women and to evaluate effective preventive strategies. The study focuses on clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and preventive approaches, including timely dental examination, minimally invasive treatment, and patient education. The findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis and preventive dental care in reducing adverse maternal and fetal outcomes related to odontogenic infections during pregnancy.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death among the population in recent years, posing a serious challenge to healthcare systems and public health. Effective prevention strategies are essential to reduce disease incidence, improve early detection, and enhance long-term disease management. In recent years, electronic healthcare services, including telemedicine, electronic medical records, mobile health applications, and remote patient monitoring, have emerged as important tools in cardiovascular disease prevention. Particular attention is given to the use of digital health technologies for risk assessment, early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, and continuous monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors. Understanding the potential of electronic healthcare services in cardiovascular disease prevention may support the development of more effective, accessible, and sustainable public health strategies.

This article analyzes the impact of Mahmudkhoja Behbudi’s legacy on modern students. The author connects Behbudi’s activities, his efforts in Jadid schools, journalism, and theater aimed at encouraging youth toward knowledge and enlightenment, with the realities of student life in the 21st century. The article highlights modern universities, startup centers, digital media platforms, and creative industries as practical continuations of the educational values promoted by Behbudi. Additionally, the processes of intellectual and innovative development among students through global experience exchange and social activism are examined. The article demonstrates that Behbudi’s legacy is not only of historical significance, but also serves as a source of inspiration in contemporary student life.

The growing demand for learner-centered instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education has increased interest in gamification as an effective pedagogical approach. This study investigates how well-designed gamified EFL learning activities can enhance students’ cognitive skills, particularly higher-order thinking abilities such as analysis, evaluation, and problem-solving. A mixed-methods quasi-experimental design was implemented with secondary-level EFL learners. Gamified activities were developed based on Bloom’s taxonomy and cognitive learning principles. Quantitative results from pre-test and post-test comparisons revealed a statistically significant improvement in cognitive skill performance in the experimental group, with an average increase of 24–32% compared to traditional instruction [1][2]. Qualitative findings further confirmed increased engagement, motivation, and deeper cognitive processing. The study concludes that effective gamified activity design plays a crucial role in fostering cognitive development in EFL contexts.

This article analyzes the artistic expression of national identity in the poetry of Iqbol Mirzo, one of the prominent representatives of modern Uzbek poetry. The study explores how national spirit is reflected through images of homeland, parents, childhood memories, historical figures, and folk language. Based on poetic excerpts, symbolic imagery and poetic thinking are examined at a doctoral research level in an academic-popular style.

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) constitute a major clinical challenge due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life, and increasing association with antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The frequent use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens, complicating both treatment and prevention strategies. In addition to microbial factors, anatomical and functional abnormalities of the urinary tract play a crucial role in the persistence and recurrence of infections. This review provides an in-depth analysis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in uropathogens and examines the contribution of anatomical and functional factors to recurrent UTIs. Furthermore, it discusses current diagnostic approaches and emphasizes integrated preventive strategies, including non-antibiotic measures and correction of underlying abnormalities. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for developing effective, sustainable prevention strategies and reducing the global burden of recurrent UTIs.

In the era of digital globalization and rapidly expanding information flows, media literacy and information culture have become fundamental competencies required for effective participation in modern society. The increasing influence of mass media, social networks, and digital platforms has significantly transformed the ways individuals receive, interpret, and disseminate information. At the same time, the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and manipulative content poses serious threats to social stability, democratic values, and individual decision-making. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of media literacy and information culture as interconnected concepts, examines their theoretical foundations, and explores their role in modern education systems. Particular attention is paid to the educational, social, and ethical dimensions of media literacy development. The article emphasizes that fostering a high level of information culture through systematic media literacy education is essential for developing critical thinking, responsible information behavior, and sustainable societal development.

This аrticle studies the unique cоstumes, аncient decоrаtive items аnd rich histоry оf the Surkhаn оаsis, аnd studies the chаrаcteristics оf the fаbrics оf the cоstumes, the decоrаtive pаtterns used in them, аnd the unique embrоidery thаt is nоt fоund in оther оаses.

Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, particularly among children and adolescents, who represent a vulnerable population with unique physiological and immunological characteristics. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is highly effective in controlling the disease; however, it is frequently associated with a wide range of adverse drug reactions that may negatively affect treatment adherence, therapeutic outcomes, and quality of life. Children and adolescents are especially susceptible to undesirable effects due to age-related differences in drug metabolism, organ immaturity, and long-term exposure risks. This article aims to analyze the spectrum, frequency, and clinical significance of adverse events associated with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in pediatric and adolescent patients. Special attention is given to hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, neurotoxicity, and hematological complications. The paper also discusses risk factors contributing to the development of adverse effects, including treatment duration, drug combinations, nutritional status, and comorbid conditions. Furthermore, strategies for early detection, monitoring, prevention, and management of chemotherapy-related complications are reviewed.

The article determines the intensity of sediment deposition processes along the length of the canal from the water intake section of the Karshi Main Canal to the pumping stations from the Amu Darya River. Also, the possibility of regulating the supply channel bed to the required size and improving water supply has been created by attracting the available equipment (ground dredgers) to the corresponding points (PK). Based on the results of scientific research, schemes for optimal placement of dredgers in the channel have been developed. Adverse processes occurring in the supply channel, as well as in areas with a high probability of bank erosion and sedimentation reduction due to flow regulation, have been identified and appropriate recommendations have been developed.

The article presents the results of studies on the selection of the optimal film-forming polymer and plasticizer in the film mass for obtaining complex-action dental phytofilms containing rosehip oil and calendula tincture. In order to optimize the research, it was conducted using the method of mathematical experimental design, specifically the 3 x 3 Latin square matrix. The results obtained allowed us to determine the optimal film-forming polymer, Na-KMC, and the plasticizer, glycerin.

The article examines current issues of studying the Russian language and world literature in the modern educational space. Special attention is paid to their interrelationship, the role of the literary text in the formation of students' linguistic, communicative, and cultural competencies. The work analyzes the theoretical foundations of studying the Russian language and world literature, as well as the problems and prospects of their integration into the educational process.

Modern medical education faces an objective shortage of clinical materials for practical training of students. Limited access to real patients, ethical restrictions on the use of animals and cadavers for educational purposes, and the high cost of medical equipment lead to a decline in the practical skills of medical graduates. Under these conditions, simulation-based training using simulation technologies is becoming a strategically important tool for training medical personnel.

This article summarizes how the gut microbiome, the immune system, and the central nervous system interact via the gut–brain axis to influence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) development. Early-life microbiota disturbances (antibiotics, hospital exposure, formula feeding) can produce dysbiosis, impair intestinal barrier function, and promote systemic and neuroinflammation. These changes may alter neurodevelopmental processes (neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination), neurotransmitter systems, and microglial activation. Selective eating common in children with ASD can worsen nutrient deficiencies and microbiome imbalance. Clinical and experimental evidence — including microbiota transfer from children with ASD to germ-free mice and trials of microbiota transfer therapy (MTT/FMT) — indicate the microbiome can affect gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms, though current evidence does not support microbiome modification as a definitive cure for ASD. Future research should clarify mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and microbiota alterations and determine safe, effective microbiome-based interventions.

This article examines the traditional art of embroidery of the Karakalpak people, its formation history, and cultural-aesthetic significance. In particular, the embroideries on women's blue dresses kept in museum collections, their harmony, sewing methods, pattern composition, and their symbolic meanings are selected. In addition, the role and skill of Karakalpak women in craftsmanship, passed down from generation to generation, is demonstrated through the example of various items decorated with embroidery, such as bowls, equipment, sleeves, and clothing details. The article reveals the ethnographic and artistic value of Karakalpak embroidery based on museum exhibits. The preservation status and museum value of the exhibits make them a valuable source for scientific and ethnographic research.

This article analyzes the representation of human psychology, social isolation, and the causes of psychological depression in contemporary Uzbek feature films. As the objects of the study, the films “O‘tov” and “Rangsiz tushlar” by Ayub Shahobiddinov, “Qarzdor” by Bahodir Odilov, and “Issiq non” by Umid Hamdamov were selected. Using these works as examples, the author examines the protagonists’ internal and external conflicts, their struggles to preserve personal identity, as well as the psychological aspects of gender issues. The article also explores the role of symbolism, minimalism, and directorial interpretation in film dramaturgy in revealing and shaping the characters’ psychological depth.

The presented analytical literature review, dedicated to combined traumatic brain injury with limb injuries in children, indicates a number of unresolved and controversial issues. The clinical course and treatment tactics are influenced by the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the child's organism, associated with features due to the morphological and functional immaturity of the central nervous system, as well as the dysfunction of a number of organs and systems. The most effective methods for determining the severity of the patient's condition with prediction of consequences and

The article examines the psychological-pedagogical and linguodidactic foundations for the formation of communicative and integrated competence among students of non-philological fields of study in the context of bilingualism and a multicultural educational environment. Special attention is paid to the problems of mastering the culture of Russian speech by future teachers studying under conditions of active bilingualism. Based on an analysis of the results of a diagnostic (ascertaining) experiment, typical difficulties faced by students are identified, including adherence to the norms of the Russian literary language, intonational organization of utterances, and the construction of coherent texts of various genres and styles. The necessity of shifting from a predominantly knowledge-based model of instruction to a competence-based and personality-activity approach aimed at developing communicative, sociocultural, and professionally significant skills is substantiated.

The article presents the results of numerical studies of the process of oscillations of the motor- carriage of the high-speed electric train AFROSIAB in the horizontal plane during its movement in curves in the MATHCAD 15 programming environment.

The article presents a mathematical model and a developed algorithm for numerical studies on the selection of rational parameters of a new elastic element of the axle spring suspension of electric trains, the design of which is protected by Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Invention No. IAP 4577 [1].

The article presents a developed algorithm for performing numerical calculations on the strength of the sections of the subway car bogie frame; the numerical studies were carried out in the MATHCAD 15 programming environment. The proposed method improves dynamic performance and increases strength and reliability (in particular, for subway car bogies) taking into account the modernization of frames.

Evidence-based medicine is the foundation of a modern approach to cancer treatment and rehabilitation, ensuring the application of clinical decisions based on scientific research, clinical guidelines, and high-quality evidence. With the increasing incidence of cancer and increasing life expectancy, the implementation of evidence-based approaches not only in treatment but also in the comprehensive rehabilitation of cancer patients is particularly important. This article examines the basic principles of evidence-based medicine in cancer treatment and rehabilitation, analyzing modern clinical protocols, drug therapy methods, surgical and radiation treatments, and rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring functional status and improving quality of life for patients. It is shown that the use of evidence-based approaches contributes to increased treatment effectiveness, a reduced incidence of complications, and optimization of long-term outcomes in cancer care

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the use of the most effective and scientifically sound approaches to their diagnosis and treatment. Evidence-based medicine plays a key role in the development and implementation of clinical decisions based on the results of high-quality scientific research and international guidelines. This article examines the current principles of using evidence-based medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It analyzes the potential for using clinical guidelines, instrumental and laboratory diagnostic methods, and evidence-based therapeutic strategies. It is demonstrated that the implementation of evidence-based approaches contributes to increased diagnostic accuracy, treatment effectiveness, and improved prognosis for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases and represents a serious medical and social problem due to its high prevalence, risk of complications, and significant impact on patients' quality of life. With the rapid development of clinical diabetology, the application of evidence-based medicine principles in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease is particularly important. This article examines modern methods of diagnosing and treating diabetes mellitus using evidence-based medicine. It analyzes the capabilities of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods based on clinical guidelines, as well as evidence-based approaches to pharmacotherapy and non-drug treatment. It is shown that the implementation of evidence-based methods facilitates early detection of the disease, optimizes treatment strategies, and reduces the risk of acute and chronic complications of diabetes.

This article examines modern mechanisms for the prevention of crimes committed by minors and explores ways to enhance their effectiveness. Risks in the social environment, including terrorism, religious extremism, illegal migration, human trafficking, and an increased propensity for delinquency among youth, necessitate the introduction of new preventive measures. The article analyzes integrated prevention mechanisms comprising legislative, psychological-pedagogical, social, and technological components. Additionally, it scrutinizes the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Prevention of Neglect and Offenses among Minors" dated September 29, 2010, and proposes evidence-based recommendations and additional provisions for its improvement. The article aims to establish theoretical, legal, and practical foundations for the effective organization of juvenile delinquency prevention.

This article examines the use of digital authentic audio-video materials in teaching listening comprehension skills in foreign language classes. It examines the feasibility of using digital authentic audio-video materials in foreign language classes as a means of accelerating the learning process and maximizing its communicative orientation. A survey was conducted among B2 level students studying foreign language and literature to determine which types of digital authentic audio-video materials they prefer to work with. The participants of the study consisted of thirty seven students’ first-year at English and literature course (September-December, 2024) from Samarkhand state foreign language institute and data were collected through observation and a survey questionnaire. The findings show that the digital authentic videos positively is defined listening comprehension skills, fostering deeper cognitive engagement, self-directed learning and the students’ greater confidence and motivation.

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is among the most widely used medicinal plants with well-documented anti-inflammatory activity. This review article, for the first time, provides a comprehensive and systematized analysis of current data on the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory properties of German chamomile from the perspective of the relationship between its chemical composition and the molecular mechanisms of inflammation. It is demonstrated that flavonoids, sesquiterpene compounds, and phenolic acids of the plant are capable of modulating the activity of pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory enzyme systems, and oxidative stress. Special attention is given to studies conducted by Uzbek researchers, which form the scientific and raw material basis for the development of phytopharmaceuticals based on German chamomile. The results of this review may be used for the standardization of medicinal plant raw materials and the development of anti-inflammatory phytomedicines.