Евразийский журнал социальных наук, философии и культуры

This article provides a philosophical analysis of integrity and hierarchy in ecological systems. Ecological systems are considered as a form of unified being in which natural, social, cultural, and human dimensions are inseparably interconnected. The concept of integrity reflects the holistic nature of ecological reality, emphasizing that ecological processes cannot be fully understood in isolation from one another. Any change in a single element influences the system as a whole. Hierarchy, in turn, reveals the multi-level structure of ecological systems, where biological, social, and spiritual factors are organized in a structured and interdependent manner. From a philosophical perspective, ignoring the integrity and hierarchical organization of ecological systems leads to fragmented interpretations of environmental problems. The article argues that a systemic and philosophical approach is essential for understanding ecological being and for developing a harmonious relationship between humans and nature. Such an approach forms a theoretical basis for ecological sustainability

In recent years, English language education has become a strategic priority in Uzbekistan due to the country’s increasing integration into global academic, economic, and cultural spheres. National educational reforms have emphasized early foreign language instruction, international assessment frameworks, and continuous teacher development. However, despite these initiatives, challenges persist in classroom practice, particularly in the development of learners’ communicative competence and academic writing skills. This article examines contemporary approaches to teaching English in Uzbekistan, focusing on methodological challenges, pedagogical strategies, and alignment with international assessment standards such as IELTS. In addition to theoretical analysis, the study includes a classroom-based case study illustrating the implementation of structured writing instruction in an Uzbek learning context. The findings suggest that sustainable improvement in English language teaching requires a balanced integration of communicative methodologies, structured skill development, and contextual adaptation to local educational realities.

Independent learning- also known as self-directed or autonomous learning- is a core expectation of higher education. It involves students taking responsibility for planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own learning. At university level, independent learning is vital not only for academic achievement, but also for personal growth, professional readiness and lifelong learning.

The main task in the organization and conduct of the educational process is the development and consistent elements of actions leading to a pre-planned result. In the transition to credit education, not all scientists accepted the paradigm of credit-module education, that is the student should learn on his own and the teacher should organize and motivate. Modern pedagogy has come to the conclusion that successful results are achieved  there should be no fixed time foe individual characteristics of assimilation and individual speed of learning the material.

Mazkur maqolada karvonsaroylar va savdo infratuzilmasining arxitektura-tipologik xususiyatlari tarixiy, arxeologik va me’moriy manbalar asosida ilmiy-uslubiy yondashuvda tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda Markaziy Osiyo hududida, xususan Xorazm vohasida shakllangan karvon yo‘llari tarmog‘i, ularning savdo, diplomatik va madaniy almashinuvdagi strategik roli hamda ushbu yo‘llar bo‘ylab bunyod etilgan karvonsaroylarning funksional tuzilishi, mudofaa-me’moriy yechimlari va qurilish texnologiyalari yoritiladi.