Естественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce, modify, and secrete saliva into the oral cavity. These glands are classified into two main types: major salivary glands, which include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, and minor salivary glands, which are distributed throughout the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract and most of the oral cavity.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is strongly linked to an elevated risk of thrombotic events and mortality. This review examines the intricate relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and thrombosis, exploring epidemiological data, underlying mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches. A particular focus is placed on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators connecting fibrosis and coagulation. Coagulation factors actively drive fibrosis, while fibrosis induces thrombotic pathways, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. Retrospective studies suggest potential benefits of anticoagulants in IPF; however, prospective trials have faced significant challenges. Emerging therapies, including novel anticoagulants, profibrinolytic agents, and protease-activated receptor (PAR) inhibitors, show promise in preclinical and early clinical studies. EVs are identified as crucial contributors to interstitial lung disease (ILD) pathology, facilitating intercellular communication and promoting both fibrosis and coagulation. EV-based strategies, such as modulation, engineered EVs for drug delivery, and mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, hold potential as innovative treatments. Future research should focus on optimizing risk–benefit profiles, identifying predictive biomarkers, and integrating combination approaches targeting fibrotic, thrombotic, and inflammatory pathways. Understanding EVs’ role in ILDs could pave the way for targeted interventions and improved outcomes.

В нашей стране принимаются широкие меры по созданию импортозамещающих натуральных лекарственных средств на основе сырья местных растений, обеспечению населения качественными лекарственными средствами, как следствие, методам производства эффективных, импортозамещающих лекарственных средств из местных лекарственных средств. растений созданы и внедряются в медицинскую практику. Стоит отметить, что среди сорняков также немало растений, обладающих лечебными свойствами. Среди них шпинат, щавель, можжевельник, зубтурум, трава крапива и другие. Эти растения включены в государственную фармакопею и используются в медицине.

Mahalliy o‘simlik xomashyosiga asoslangan samarali dori vositalarini yaratish O‘zbekiston Respublikasi farmatsevtika sanoatining asosiy vazifasidir. Ushbu masalalarni hal qilish samarali dori vositalari xilma-xilligini kengaytirish va ularning aholiga yetkazib berilishini ta’minlash imkonini beradi. Suyuq jag’-jag’ ekstrakti asosida qon to‘xtatuvchi va yallig‘lanishga qarshi ta’sirga ega bo‘lgan surtma va gelning tarkibi tanlab olinib, texnologiyasi ishlab chiqildi. Yara va qon oqayotgan jarohatlarni davolashda surtma va gellar faol qo’llanilmoqda, ayniqsa, ularning tarkibiga fitopreparatlarni kiritish tendensiyasi kuchaymoqda. Biologik faol moddalarning kompleksi ko‘p tomonlama va bir-birini to‘ldiruvchi ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Bu ularni uzoq vaqt davomida va nojo‘ya ta’sirlarsiz qo‘llash imkoniyatini beradi. Xalq tabobatida jag’-jag’ o‘ti (Bursa pastoris L) qon to‘xtatuvchi va yallig‘lanishga qarshi vosita sifatida keng qo‘llanilgan bo‘lib, bu uni teri kasalliklarini davolashda qo‘llashga asos bo‘lgan.

The respiratory epithelium plays a critical role in maintaining respiratory health by serving as a barrier and an active participant in defense mechanisms against pathogens, allergens, and environmental irritants. This specialized pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, interspersed with goblet cells, lines much of the respiratory tract and is essential for mucociliary clearance. Its unique structural adaptations facilitate the filtration, humidification, and warming of inhaled air. The transition from conducting to gas-exchange regions involves histological changes, with alveolar epithelium optimizing gas exchange through the interplay of Type I and Type II pneumocytes. Dysfunction or damage to the respiratory epithelium is implicated in various diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, highlighting its importance in maintaining respiratory homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the structure, function, and pathophysiological significance of the respiratory epithelium, emphasizing its role in health and disease.