SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: MODERN ARCHITECTURE, OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES, AND EVOLUTION
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Abstrak:
Signaling systems are the foundation of a modern telecommunications network supporting call setup, control, routing and overall network management functions. In the transition of telecommunications networks from traditional analog switching to digital based and IP based networks, signaling mechanisms have also transitioned from channel associated signalling (CAS) styles to the more efficient common channel signalling (CCS) systems. This paper discusses the architecture, operation, and evolution of main signaling systems, such as R2, SS7, SIP, and Diameter signalling systems. It highlights interoperability and latencies, along with security challenges, along with modern signalling applicability for next generation networks, such as LTE, VoIP, and 5G Core. The discussion also shows that signalling efficiency has a direct effect on service quality, scalability, and reliability of the network.
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Black, U., & Williams, J. (2010). Signaling in Telecommunication Networks. Wiley.
(Comprehensive explanation of SS7, SIP, and Diameter.)
Stallings, W. (2015). Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud. Addison-Wesley. (Covers evolution of signaling for IP, LTE, and IMS.)
3GPP TS 29.329. (2023). Diameter Protocol for 4G and 5G Networks. 3GPP Standards.
(Technical specification for Diameter in LTE and 5G.)
ITU-T Q.700–Q.795 Series. (2022). Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) Specifications. International Telecommunication Union. (Official documentation for SS7 architecture and protocols.)
Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., & Peterson, J. (2022). SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. IETF RFC 3261. (Primary standard for SIP signaling.)
Mourad, A., & Imran, M. A. (2021). 5G and Beyond: The Future of Mobile Communications. Springer. (Explains Diameter, HTTP/2 signaling, and next-gen networks.)
Sauter, M. (2021). From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. Wiley. (Excellent overview of signaling evolution from 2G to 5G.)
Moniem, A. (2024). Network Signaling and Security from 2G to 5G. Moniem-Tech Articles.
(Used for signaling evolution diagrams.)
Kurose, J., & Ross, K. (2021). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (8th ed.). Pearson.(Covers IP signaling principles, VoIP, and SIP operation.)
Ribbon Communications. (2023). Signaling Gateway Overview. (Overview of SS7-to-SIP/Diameter conversion architectures.)