Общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования

As worldwide communication gets to be progressively interconnected, worldwide dialect evaluation benchmarks are advancing to meet assorted etymological, instructive, and proficient needs. This paper investigates future patterns in dialect testing systems, with specific consideration to improvements in advanced appraisal, counterfeit insights integration, versatile testing, and cross-cultural approval. Developing worldwide competencies are pushing evaluation bodies to prioritize not as it were dialect capability but too practical and intercultural communication abilities. Besides, there's a developing request for more comprehensive, impartial, and context-sensitive assessment strategies. This think about analyzes current shifts in unmistakable measures such as the CEFR, ILR, and ACTFL, anticipating how these systems may adjust in reaction to mechanical developments and worldwide portability. Eventually, the paper points to contribute to a forward-looking understanding of how worldwide dialect evaluation will advance to back a more etymologically and socially energetic world. 

Listening is a foundational skill in language acquisition and vital for successful communication. At the B2 (Upper-Intermediate) level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), learners are expected to understand extended speech and follow complex arguments. This article explores interactive techniques that can enhance listening comprehension and engagement among B2 learners, focusing on practical classroom activities and digital tools that encourage active participation.

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of machine translation compared to human translation, with a focus on their precision and effectiveness. It investigates the development of translation techniques from initial rule-based systems and statistical machine translation to contemporary neural network models, analyzing how each approach addresses linguistic challenges. The study evaluates machine translation in terms of its speed and scalability, particularly drawing attention to recent improvements in neural machine translation that have enhanced fluency and contextual understanding. Nevertheless, it also points out shortcomings, such as challenges with idiomatic phrases, cultural subtleties, and context-specific details. On the other hand, human translation is demonstrated to thrive in interpreting intricate contexts and maintaining the original tone and intent, even though it tends to be slower and less consistent. Through a combination of quantitative error assessment and qualitative case studies, this article recommends a blended approach that combines the efficiency of machine translation with the depth of human interpretation, offering actionable suggestions for merging both methods in professional and academic environments.

Ushbu  maqolada  boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarini  texnologiya  darslarida  turli materiallardan foydalanib, kreativligini shakllantirish haqida tavsiyalar, ma’lumotlar va tushunchalar berilgan.

Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘qituvchilik kasbiga tayyorlanayotgan talabalarni hozirgi zamon ta’lim talablariga mos ravishda tayyorlash va maktabga yetuk kadr etib yetkazish, bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarining konstruksiyalash va modellashtirish kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishning nazariy hamda amaliy jihatlari keltirib o‘tilgan. Shuningdek, bu kompetensiyalarni shakllantirishda innovatsion va integratsion yondashuvlarning o‘rni, metodologik yondashuvlar, zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalar va ilg‘or rivojlantirilgan tajribalarning ahamiyati haqida fikr yuritiladi.

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ma’naviy xavfsizlikni ta’minlash bo‘yicha bir qator muhim tashabbuslarni amalga oshirildi, jumladan Ma’naviyat va ma’rifat markazlari tashkil etilib, yoshlarning milliy g‘urur va o‘zlikni anglashini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan dasturlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Maqolada jahon tajribasi bo’yicha qilinayotgan chora-tadbirlar haqida fikrlar bildirilgan.

В статье будет представлен новый взгляд  на развитие двухстороннего сотрудничества между Узбекистаном и Объединенными Арабскими Эмиратами (ОАЭ). Помимо этого, будут анализированы  ключевые направления взаимодействия, которые  включают экономическое партнёрство, инвестиционное сотрудничество, развитие транспортной инфраструктуры, туризм, инновационные технологии, агропромышленный комплекс и гуманитарные инициативы. Особое внимание уделено влиянию ОАЭ на финансовый сектор Узбекистана, а также перспективам внедрения исламского банкинга. Рассматриваются геополитические аспекты сотрудничества, его значение для Центральной Азии и Ближнего Востока. В заключении обозначены перспективы дальнейшего укрепления партнёрских отношений, а также возможные вызовы и пути их преодоления.

Цель данного исследования - проанализировать тенденции развития общественно-политических и торгово-экономических отношений между Узбекистаном и Катаром, выявить ключевые факторы, способствующие или препятствующие этому процессу, а также определить перспективы дальнейшего сотрудничества. В рамках работы будут рассмотрены исторические аспекты двусторонних отношений, текущее состояние политического и экономического взаимодействия, а также торгово-экономические связи между двумя странами. Особое внимание будет уделено проблемам и вызовам, стоящим перед обеими сторонами, и возможным путям их решения. Следовательно, данное исследование направлено на углубление понимания динамики узбекско-катарских отношений и их значения для устойчивого развития обеих стран в условиях глобальных изменений.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston oliy ta’lim tizimida “Talaba talabaga ustoz” loyihasini joriy etishning nazariy va metodik asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Mentorlik tizimining talabalarning shaxsiy va kasbiy rivojlanishiga ta’siri, pedagogik jarayonda innovatsion yondashuvlar orqali amalga oshirilishi, shuningdek, milliy va xalqaro tajribalar asosida loyiha samaradorligi ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Mazkur tezisda keksalar psixologik farovonligini oshirishda ijtimoiy faollikning tutgan o‘rni nazariy va empirik asosda yoritiladi. Tadqiqot doirasida faol va passiv guruhlardagi 100 nafar keksalar ishtirokida olib borilgan psixologik diagnostika tahlili asosida, ijtimoiy faollikning psixologik farovonlik ko‘rsatkichlariga qanday ta’sir qilishi empirik dalillar bilan asoslab beriladi.

It is widely acknowledged that English has become the dominant language of academic communication in recent decades, with its role as an academic lingua franca being more prominent than ever before. As evidence of this trend, it has been reported that "more than 90 per cent of the journal literature in some scientific domains is printed in English" (Hyland, 2006, 24). This widespread use of English in academic publishing has undoubtedly shaped the global landscape of scholarly exchange, creating an environment in which English has become the preferred medium for communicating research findings, ideas, and innovations across a wide array of disciplines.

This article talks about the important role of parents in the education process of school students. By establishing a strong home-school partnership, creating a supportive learning environment at home, nurturing a positive attitude toward learning, communicating effectively with teachers, and advocating for a child's educational needs, parents can empower their children to thrive in elementary school and beyond.

The current paper attempts to examine the various aspects of the discussion and debate methods of teaching at university and its role in enhancing students’ linguistic and academic skills. The discussion  and debate methods allow establishing a rapport with students, stimulating their critical thinking and articulating ideas clearly,to heighten collaborative learning skills as well as amiliorating their speaking skills to the higher step than they are (from B2 to C1).The findings showed that majority of respondents indicated that a good opportunity to interact is provided during the discussion , debate and that the lecturer is not the sole authority in class. The implications of this research could be reflected on students’ learning through their participation in discussion and debate

Moliyaviy resurslar tanqisligi mavjud bo‘lgan O‘zbekiston uchun investision faoliyat samaradorligini ta’minlash alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Turizm sohasida investitsion resurslar samaradorligini oshirishning mohiyati shundaki, ushbu ahamiyatli resurslarni taqsimlash va foydalanish jarayonida har bir investision resurs sarfiga yuqori iqtisodiy natijalarga erishishni ta’minlash zarur. Maqolada muallif tomonidan turizmda investitsion resurslar samaradorligi ta’sir etuvchi omillarning qisqacha izohi keltirilgan.  

Tokharistan is a significant historical and geographical region, which has been a key branch of trade routes and held strategic importance. Although this area was occupied by various invaders throughout the centuries, it has never ceased its social, economic, and cultural development. This article provides information on the preservation of the cultural traditions of the Kushan period in the material culture of Northern and Western Tokharistan during the 5th-7th centuries, and the formation of a new culture under its influence.

O‘smirlarning gender xulq-atvori bilan bog‘liq masalalar so‘nggi paytlarda olimlar va amaliyotchilar tomonidan faol muhokama qilinayotgan masalalar qatoriga kiradi. Ma’lumki, o‘smirlik davrida shaxsning shakllanishiga jinsiy yetilish sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatadi [6]. O‘smirlarga tarbiya va individual yondashuvning zamonaviy talablarini jinsning psixologik xususiyatlarini, maktab o‘quvchisining gender o‘z-o‘zini anglashini hisobga olmasdan tushunib bo‘lmaydi. F. Rays ta’kidlaganidek, rivojlanish davrining boshida muloqot gomo ijtimoiy xususiyatga ega bo‘ladi, ya’ni bolalar o‘z jinsidagi tengdoshlari bilan muloqot qilishni afzal ko‘radilar, keyinchalik esa muloqot geterosotsial tus oladi - har ikki jins vakillari bilan kommunikativ o‘zaro ta’sirga kirishish tendensiyasi kuzatiladi [6]. O‘smirlik yoshidagi o‘g‘il va qiz bolalarning muloqotda o‘zini namoyon qilish imkoniyati ko‘p jihatdan ularning kommunikativ ustanovkalari bilan belgilanadi.

Статья посвящена повышению качества адвокатского корпуса через упрощение процедуры допуска к профессии. Предлагается разрешить сдачу квалификационного экзамена без обязательной стажировки юристам с трёхлетним стажем работы. На основе сравнительного анализа законодательства России, Украины и Киргизии обосновывается целесообразность такой меры для устранения дефицита адвокатов и повышения доступности правовой помощи. Отмечается необходимость контроля за профессиональным уровнем новых адвокатов через регулярную аттестацию. Инициатива направлена на укрепление адвокатуры, повышение доверия к правовой системе и развитие правового государства в Узбекистане.

Ушбу илмий мақолада Германияда Интернетдан фойдаланишни тартибга солувчи қонунчилик ҳужжатлари таҳлил қилинган. Хусусан, Германия Асосий қонуни, фуқаролик кодекси, жиноят кодекси, телемедия қонуни ва бошқа шунга ўхшаш бир қанча қонунлар таҳлил қилинган. Мазкур мақола ривожланган Ғарб давлатларидан бўлган Германиянинг бугунги кундаги барча муносабатларда ўз ўрнига эга бўлган ва ҳаётимизнинг бир қисмига айланиб улгурган Интернетни ҳуқуқий жиҳатдан қай даражада  тартибга солинганлигини очиб берган. Мазкур мақола Европа давлатларида Интернет фаолиятига оид қонунчилик ҳужжатлари ҳақида маълумотга эга бўлмоқчи бўлган изланувчиларга манба бўлиб хизмат қилади.

В настоящем тезисе рассматривается конституционное право на неприкосновенность жилища в контексте жилищных правоотношений в Узбекистане. Особое внимание уделено понятию «проживающих лиц» и их правовому статусу согласно Конституции и Жилищному кодексу Республики Узбекистан. Анализируются различные категории лиц, проживающих в жилом помещении: собственник, члены его семьи, а также арендаторы и наниматели и их семьи. Отдельно освещаются вопросы, связанные с ограничением или реализацией прав на вселение других лиц, и необходимость согласования с собственником в случае совместного проживания. Делается вывод о том, что право на неприкосновенность жилища распространяется на всех законно проживающих лиц, независимо от их правового статуса как собственников или арендаторов.

В статье рассматриваются актуальные тенденции развития уголовно-процессуальной политики в сфере применения мер пресечения, особое внимание уделяется дифференциации правового регулирования в отношении лиц, подозреваемых и обвиняемых в совершении преступлений в сфере предпринимательской и иной экономической деятельности. Анализируются основания и цели применения мер пресечения, включая заключение под стражу, а также международно-правовые аспекты и тенденции гуманизации и ужесточения уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Подчеркивается формирование специального правового режима применения мер пресечения к субъектам экономической деятельности, что вызывает дискуссии в научной среде. Разработаны предложения, направленные на расширение применения альтернативных заключению под стражу мер пресечения по экономическим преступлениям и усиление судебного контроля. В заключение отмечается избирательность современной уголовно-процессуальной политики и прогнозируются дальнейшие изменения в данной области.

XX asr oxiri va XXI asr boshlarida o‘zbek adabiyotshunosligida yangi metodologik qarashlar shakllanib, adabiy matnlarni tahlil qilishda tarixiylik, badiiylik, g‘oyaviy-estetiklik, lingvistik va falsafiy yo‘nalishlar uyg‘unlashdi. Bu jarayonda klassik asarlarni, xususan, Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur qalamiga mansub “Boburnoma”ni yangicha nuqtayi nazardan tahlil qilishga ehtiyoj sezildi. Ana shunday ilmiy ehtiyojni qondirish yo‘lida fidokorona izlanishlar olib borgan olimlardan biri Saidbek Hasanov bo‘ldi. U “Boburnoma”ni nafaqat tarixiy-biografik manba, balki chuqur falsafiy, badiiy va madaniy fenomen sifatida o‘rgangan ilk zamonaviy tadqiqotchilardan biridir.

Writing is а cruciаl prоductive skill in lаnguаge leаrning, especiаlly fоr leаrners аt the B1 (Intermediаte) level оf the CEFR. Аt this stаge, students аre expected tо write simple cоnnected text оn tоpics which аre fаmiliаr оr оf persоnаl interest. This аrticle explоres effective methоds fоr teаching writing tо B1 leаrners, emphаsizing interаctive techniques, scаffоlding, technоlоgy-enhаnced tооls, аnd reаl-life writing cоntexts tо bооst leаrner engаgement аnd writing prоficiency.

This paper examines the impact of technology in English Language Teaching (ELT) and its role in enhancing student engagement and language learning outcomes. By focusing on key digital tools such as language learning applications, online platforms, and interactive media, the study explores how these technologies are integrated into modern ELT classrooms. A mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with educators and learners, highlights both the advantages and challenges associated with using technology to teach English. Findings reveal that technology supports personalized learning and allows students to practice language skills such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing in a more dynamic and interactive manner.

Ayollar huquqi islom hamjamiyatining asosiy diqqat-markazida bo‘lgan masalalaridan biridir.  Butun dunyo va O‘zbekistonda musulmonlar idorasi, fatvo bo‘limlariga har yili ko‘plab ayol-qizlarning masalasiga doir savololar, taklif-mulohazalar yetib keladi. Ayollar huquqiga islom dinida erkaklarnikidan kam e’tibor qaratilgan emas.  Ayollarning oila va jamiyatdagi huquqi erkaklarnikidan deyarli farq qilmaydi. Ayollar oilada ona, rafiqa sifatida o‘rin topgan bo‘lsa, jamiyatning to‘laqonli bir qismi hisoblanadi.

In the era of digital information, media literacy has become an essential competency for learners at all levels of education. This paper explores the intersection of media literacy and education, highlighting the role of critical thinking, digital citizenship, and pedagogy in shaping informed individuals. It reviews recent research and best practices for integrating media literacy into curricula and examines challenges such as misinformation, algorithmic bias, and the digital divide. The study argues for a systemic incorporation of media literacy in education to foster democratic participation and lifelong learning.

Ушбу илмий мақолада портлашдан кейин кўздан кечириш иштирокчилари ва улар томонидан амалга ошириладиган ҳаракатларнинг криминалистик ва процессуал жиҳатлари ёритилган. Шунингдек, портлаш жойини кўздан кечириш иштирокчиларининг ҳуқуқлари, мажбуриятлари ва вазифаларига доир масалалар баён этилган.

Maqolada zamonaviy ta’lim jarayonida informatika fanini o‘qitishda onlayn test platformalaridan foydalanishning ahamiyati, usullari va samaradorligi tadqiq qilinadi. Talabalarning bilim va ko‘nikmalarini ob’ektiv baholash, ularning darslik materiallarni egallash darajasini aniqlash va individual yondashuvni shakllantirishda raqamli testlash tizimlarining roli tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada turli onlayn platformalarning afzalliklari, ularni qo‘llash metodikasi hamda o‘quv jarayoniga ta’siri eksperimental tadqiqotlar asosida ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Фуқаролик ҳуқуқи нуқтаи назаридан таълим хизматлари ҳақ эвазига хизмат кўрсатиш муносабатларининг алоҳида тури сифатида тан олинади. Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик кодексининг 703-моддасига асосан, “Ҳақ эвазига хизмат кўрсатиш шартномаси бўйича ижрочи буюртмачининг топшириғи билан ашёвий шаклда бўлмаган хизматни бажариш (муайян ҳаракатларни қилиш ёки муайян фаолиятни амалга ошириш), буюртмачи эса бу хизмат учун ҳақ тўлаш мажбуриятини олади”. Ушбу модданинг иккинчи қисмида эса таълим бериш хизматлари ҳам ҳақ эвазига хизмат кўрсатиш шартномаси доирасига киритилган.

ushbu maqolada auzimli bolalar tasnifi va bolalar rivojlanishining o‘ziga xos xusussiyatlari keng yoritilgan.

O‘zbekiston Markaziy Osiyodagi eng ko‘p aholiga ega davlatlardan biri bo‘lib, uning energiya ehtiyojlari urbanizatsiya va iqtisodiy o‘sish tufayli doimiy ravishda oshib bormoqda. Mamlakatning energiya tizimi asosan tabiiy gazga tayanadi, bu esa ekologik va iqtisodiy muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi. Shu bilan birga, O‘zbekistonning quyosh energiyasi salohiyati yuqori bo‘lib, yiliga o‘rtacha 300 quyoshli kun va 4.52 kVt-soat/m² kunlik global gorizontal nurlanish (GHI) mavjud (IEA - Solar Energy Policy). Quyosh panellari xonadonlarga o‘rnatilishi orqali nafaqat energiya xarajatlarini kamaytiradi, balki ortiqcha energiyani davlatga sotish orqali qo‘shimcha daromad keltiradi, bu esa kambag‘allikni kamaytirishda muhim vosita sifatida xizmat qiladi. Ushbu maqola quyosh panellarining iqtisodiy foydasini, kambag‘allikni kamaytirishdagi rolini va O‘zbekistonning turli mintaqalaridagi ta’sirini tahlil qiladi.

This study investigates the influence of various fertilizers and substrates on the leaf development of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) grown under hydroponic conditions. A comparative analysis was conducted using four substrates (vermiculite, perlite, coco coir, and rockwool) and six fertilizer treatments: mineral salts, humic acid, humic acid + mineral salts, microalgae, microalgae + mineral salts. The results indicate significant variations in leaf number depending on the combination of substrate and fertilizer, with rockwool and microalgae + mineral salts showing the highest efficacy.

This study investigates the effects of different growing substrates and nutrient treatments on the vegetative growth and average leaf weight of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) cultivated in a hydroponic system. Four substrates—vermiculite, perlite, coconut coir, and rockwool—were evaluated in combination with three nutrient regimes: mineral salts alone, mineral salts with humic acid, and mineral salts with microalgae. The results reveal that the inclusion of humic acid and microalgae significantly enhanced plant performance, with the highest average leaf weight observed in the rockwool + mineral salts + microalgae treatment (31.233 g). Rockwool outperformed other substrates due to its superior water retention and aeration properties. Microalgae supplementation contributed the most notable improvement, likely due to its bioactive compounds and nutrient-enhancing effects. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing both substrate and nutrient combinations to improve lettuce yield in soilless cultivation systems.

Ushbu maqola an'anaviy madaniyatlarda siyosiy yetakchilikning tabiati va shakllanish jarayonlarini tahlil qiladi. An’anaviy madaniyatlarda siyosiy hayot urf-odatlar, diniy e’tiqodlar va ijtimoiy tuzilmalarga asoslangan bo‘lib, boshqaruv tizimlari odatda merosiylik, diniy yetakchilik yoki qabila boshqaruvi orqali shakllangan. Boshqaruvida asosan ijtimoiy va axloqiy qadriyatlarga tayangan bu jamiyatlarda tajribali va dono keksa avlod vakillari alohida ahamiyat kasb etgan. Maqolada siyosiy yetakchilikning turli shakllari, xususan, patriarxal va teokratik tizimlar, shuningdek, qabila boshqaruvi va oqsoqollar kengashi kabi jamiyatda qarorlar qabul qilish usullari ko'rib chiqiladi.. Maqola an'anaviy siyosiy tizimlarning zamonaviy boshqaruvga ta'sirini o'rganadi va bu tizimlarning bugungi siyosiy jarayonlardagi ahamiyatini tahlil qiladi.

Ushbu maqolada Akademik yozuv fanidan Annotatsiya mavzusini o‘zlashtirishda nazariy malumotlar va  amaliy mashg‘ulotni o‘zlashtirish bo‘yicha  annotatsiya tarkibida qo‘llaniladigan ilmiy, rasmiy, til vositalari va ularning qanday qo‘llanilishi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, annotatsiya, annotatsiya turlarini o‘rganishda talabalarga yordam beradigan metodik tavsiyalar va topshiriqlar ham keltirilgan.

Ushbu maqolada inklyuziv ta'lim tizimida ijtimoiylikni boshqarishning zamonaviy pedagogik mexanizmlari yoritilgan. Maxsus tashkilotga ega bolalarning ijtimoiy moslashuvi, sinf jamoasida integratsiyalashuvi, o'qituvchining ijtimoiy muhitni boshqarishdagi roli hamda individual tarzda tashkil etilgan ta'lim jarayonini ishlab chiqarish usullari tahlil qilindi. Ijti-emosional ko'rinishdagi yordam, jamoaviy o'yinlar, rolli mashg'ulotlar va xaridlardan tashkil topgan asoslab berilgan.

Mazkur maqolada sinxron tarjima jarayonida grammatik transformatsiyalarning tutgan o‘rni va ularning tarjima sifati va ma’no aniqligiga ta'siri tahlil qilinadi. Tarjima jarayonida sintaktik, morfologik va uslubiy o‘zgarishlarning zaruriyati, ularning turlari va qo‘llanish usullari haqida fikr yuritiladi. O‘zbekiston va xorijiy olimlar tadqiqotlari asosida grammatik transformatsiyalarning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari yoritiladi.

This article is aimed at studying the basics of philological research. Important aspects of scientific research in the field of philology, linguistics, literary studies and cultural studies are presented. The article examines the interrelationships between various branches of philology, methodological approaches, research methods and scientific developments. A deep study of the basics of philological research will help students and researchers better understand the theoretical and practical aspects of the field. The article also presents ideas about the modern development directions of philological science, the interaction of language and culture, and the need to use new methods in literary studies

This six-week observational study explored how authentic materials (videos, newspapers, podcasts, realia, social-media posts, interview transcripts) affect intermediate-level secondary-school students’ engagement and skills in English. Ten learners experienced one material type per session, and their perceptions of motivation, vocabulary growth, listening comprehension, cultural awareness, and confidence were surveyed. Overall, authentic materials—especially videos and print media—boosted student motivation and vocabulary acquisition, with notable improvements in listening skills and cultural insight. These findings suggest that thoughtfully selected real-world resources, when scaffolded appropriately, can meaningfully enhance language learning.

Gamification has emerged as a powerful tool in language learning, transforming traditional education methods into an engaging and interactive experience. By incorporating game-like elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, challenges, and instant feedback, gamification enhances learners' motivation, participation, and retention of language skills. This approach fosters active learning, making language acquisition more enjoyable and personalized. Various platforms, including Duolingo, Memrise, and Kahoot, have successfully integrated gamification to optimize language learning outcomes. However, challenges such as over-competition, distraction from core objectives, and an excessive focus on rewards need to be carefully managed. This paper explores the key components, benefits, challenges, and real-world applications of gamification in language learning, emphasizing its role in shaping the future of education.

This article aims to investigate whether or not A1 level students may improve their vocabulary through physical activity. This study examines how using gestures, movements, and real-world demonstrations might help students retain and apply terminology better by using examples from other people. This project aims to offer empirical data on the role of physical exercise on A1 level learners' vocabulary development by using a learner-centered approach and utilizing a range of learning activities. It is thought that language learners may easily and effectively acquire new words through the use of physical gestures and signs, which also help with long-term memory retention.

The present study emerges from an understanding that international teacher preparation programs are leading the way in modeling innovative pedagogical practices. These programs typically offer prospective teachers exposure to a variety of teaching methodologies, technological tools, and intercultural experiences that shape their professional identity and competence. By analyzing how innovation is conceptualized, implemented, and evaluated in such programs, particularly those aligned with international standards such as CELTA, TESOL, and TEFL, this study seeks to contribute to the broader efforts aimed at improving language teacher education in Uzbekistan and other post-Soviet countries within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).