Центральноазиатский журнал междисциплинарных исследований и исследований в области управления

Ushbu maqolada baxt tushunchasining falsafiy talqini, uning mohiyati va tarixiy shakllanish bosqichlari keng qamrovda o‘rganiladi. Sharq mutafakkirlari — Forobiy, Navoiy, Yassaviy asarlarida baxtning mazmuni ma’naviy soflik, ruhiy komillik, axloqiy yetuklik bilan bog‘liq holda tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy o‘zbek falsafasida baxtning ontologik, aksiologik va etik talqinlari ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritiladi. Tadqiqot o‘zbek elektron kutubxonalari va mahalliy ilmiy adabiyotlar asosida tayyorlandi.

Ushbu maqolada xalqaro siyosiy nizolarni oldindan prognoz qilish jarayonida siyosiy tahlilning o‘rni va samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot jarayonida turli davlatlar o‘rtasidagi mojarolarni siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy indikatorlar orqali baholash usullari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Siyosiy tahlil metodlari yordamida mojarolarni oldindan aniqlash imkoniyatlari, mavjud qiyinchiliklar va prognozlarning dolzarbligi o‘rganilgan. Maqola amaliy jihatdan siyosiy qaror qabul qilish jarayonida tahlilning ahamiyatini yoritadi.

   This article examines the phenomenon of sound alternations as a fundamental component of phonological and morphological systems in human language. It analyzes how articulatory processes, phonological rules, stress patterns, historical developments, and sociolinguistic factors contribute to systematic changes in the pronunciation of morphemes. The study highlights the role of assimilation, vowel and consonant shifts, morphophonemic processes, and prosodic influences in shaping alternation patterns. The results show that sound alternations are not random but follow predictable linguistic principles that ensure clarity, efficiency, and structural harmony. The research provides a comprehensive theoretical and analytical overview of sound alternations and emphasizes their importance in understanding language structure and development.

 This article examines the general principles of grammatical analysis. It analyzes the form and function of linguistic units, hierarchical structures, distributional and syntagmatic-paradigmatic relations, as well as the influence of meaning and contextual factors on grammar. The study integrates structuralist, generative, and cognitive approaches along with corpus-based methods, highlighting the systematic, dynamic, and communicative nature of language. The results demonstrate that grammatical structures are not limited to formal rules but are closely connected with human cognition and communication processes.

Face recognition works great when the lighting is good, but once things get dark, performance drops fast. This project looks at a simple fix — instead of retraining complicated models or using special hardware, I designed a lightweight pre-processing step that cleans up low-light images so face recognition systems can handle them better. The module uses a basic U-Net setup and learns to improve image quality while keeping the important details that define someone’s face. I tested the system on low-light images created from public datasets, and it showed a clear improvement in recognition, boosting identity similarity by over 36%. It also runs fast enough for real-time use, even on average hardware.

ushbu maqolada Markaziy va Janubiy Osiyo transport koridorlarini kengaytirishning umumiy masqalari tahlil qilinadi. Transport infratuzilmasining hozirgi holati, mintaqalararo integratsiya, hamkorlik imkoniyatlari va mavjud to‘siqlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, transport koridorlarini rivojlantirish orqali iqtisodiy aloqalarni mustahkamlash, savdo hajmini oshirish va mintaqaviy barqarorlikni ta’minlash yo‘llari taklif etiladi.

Бронхиальная астма (БА) традиционно рассматривается как хроническое воспалительное заболевание дыхательных путей. Однако за последние десятилетия понимание ее патоморфологии эволюционировало от концепции чисто обратимого воспаления к комплексной модели необратимого структурного ремоделирования бронхиальной стенки. Данный обзор систематизирует современные представления о ключевых патоморфологических изменениях при БА, их клеточных и молекулярных медиаторах, взаимосвязи с клиническими фенотипами и тяжестью течения, а также о методах гистопатологической оценки. Особое внимание уделяется нейтрофильному фенотипу, тяжелой астме и роли ремоделирования в формировании фиксированной обструкции дыхательных путей.

Туберкулёз кожи (ТБК) представляет собой гетерогенную группу инфекционных заболеваний кожи и подкожной клетчатки, вызываемых микобактериями комплекса Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum). Несмотря на глобальные усилия по борьбе с туберкулёзом, ТБК остаётся малоизученным и часто недиагностируемым проявлением внелёгочного туберкулёза (ВЛТБ). Данный обзор анализирует современные эпидемиологические данные, географическое распределение, факторы риска и методологические проблемы оценки истинной распространённости ТБК в мире.

Инфекция, вызванная коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, представляет собой мультисистемное заболевание с широким спектром проявлений – от бессимптомного носительства до критического состояния с полиорганной недостаточностью. В основе патогенеза лежит прямое цитопатическое действие вируса, опосредованное связыванием с ангиотензин-превращающим ферментом 2 (АПФ2), и последующая гиперактивация иммунной системы с развитием "цитокинового шторма" и коагулопатии. Данный обзор систематизирует современные данные о ключевых этапах патогенеза COVID-19, от проникновения вируса до патофизиологических основ долгосрочных осложнений.

 This article is devoted to the study of consonant modification in connected speech. It examines how consonant sounds change, adapt, or simplify under the influence of neighboring sounds in natural spoken language. The paper analyzes the role of processes such as assimilation, elision, linking, reduction, and coalescence in achieving fluency and naturalness in speech. The findings indicate that consonant modification in connected speech is systematic and motivated by communicative efficiency rather than random variation. The article has both theoretical and practical value, particularly for improving pronunciation teaching and listening comprehension in foreign language learning.

  This article examines the fundamental principles of the theory of parts of the sentence and analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of secondary sentence parts. The study is based on both traditional and modern linguistic approaches and explores the interrelationships between different sentence components. Special attention is given to the problem of tertiary parts of the sentence, including the difficulties of their identification and classification. The article aims to reveal the hierarchical nature of sentence structure and to contribute to a more refined and comprehensive approach to syntactic analysis.

Mazkur maqola O‘zbekiston milliy uyg‘onish davrining yorqin namoyandasi, jadidchilik harakatining asoschilaridan biri – Behbudiy hayoti va ijodiga bag‘ishlangan. Maqolada Behbudiy ta’lim va madaniyat sohasidagi islohotlari, jamiyatda ma’rifatparvarlikni targ‘ib qilishdagi o‘rni hamda uning o‘zbek milliy uyg‘onishidagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada Behbudiy ijodining 19-asr oxirida yuzaga kelgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy va madaniy jarayonlar bilan bog‘liqligi ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi

Дориларга турғун туберкулёз (ДТТ) глобал соғлиқни сақлаш тизими учун долзарб муаммо ҳисобланади [1,3,9]. Ушбу мақолада ДТТнинг клиник ва эпидемиологик хусусиятлари, замонавий молекуляр диагностика усуллари ҳамда даволаш стратегиялари таҳлил қилинди. Тадқиқот тизимли адабиётлар таҳлили асосида ўтказилди. Натижалар ДТТнинг асосан меҳнатга лаёқатли аҳоли орасида учрашини, каверноз шакллар устунлигини ва молекуляр тестлар эрта ташхис қўйишда муҳим аҳамиятга эгалигини кўрсатди [6,8,14]. Янги препаратлар МДТ-ТБда самарадорликни оширса-да, XDR-TB ҳолатларида даволаш қийинлигича қолмоқда [18]. ДТТни самарали назорат қилиш учун эрта ташхис ва комплекс терапевтик ёндашув зарур [5].

Лекарственно-устойчивый туберкулёз (ЛУТ) в настоящее время является одной из наиболее актуальных проблем глобального здравоохранения [1,3,9]. В данной статье проанализированы клинические и эпидемиологические особенности лекарственно-устойчивого туберкулёза, современные методы молекулярной диагностики, а также основные стратегии лечения. Исследование выполнено на основе систематического анализа научной литературы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что ЛУТ преимущественно встречается среди трудоспособного населения, характеризуется преобладанием кавернозных форм и подтверждают высокую значимость молекулярных тестов в ранней диагностике заболевания [6,8,14]. Несмотря на повышение эффективности лечения МЛУ-ТБ за счёт внедрения новых противотуберкулёзных препаратов, терапия XDR-TB по-прежнему остаётся сложной задачей [18]. Для эффективного контроля лекарственно-устойчивого туберкулёза необходимы ранняя диагностика и комплексный терапевтический подход [5].

Инфильтратив ўпка туберкулёзи (ИЎТ) туберкулёзнинг энг кенг тарқалган клиник шаклларидан бири бўлиб, иш қобилиятидаги аҳоли орасида кўп учрайди. Сўнгги ўн йилликларда туберкулёзнинг клиник кечишида коморбид ва мультиморбид ҳолатлар сонининг ортиши кузатилмоқда. Бу ҳолат, айниқса, ошқозон яра касаллиги ва ВИЧ-инфекция билан биргаликда кечганда, касалликнинг клиник манзараси, диагностикаси ва даволаш натижаларига салбий таъсир кўрсатади. ВИЧ-инфекция фонида иммун тизимининг босқичма-босқич сусайиши туберкулёзнинг кам симптомли, атипик ва суст кечишига олиб келади. Натижада туберкулёз кеч ташхисланади, даволаш муддати узаяди ва асоратлар хавфи ортади. Шу билан бирга, ВИЧ-инфекцияли беморларда ошқозон-ичак тракти касалликлари, хусусан ошқозон ва ўн икки бармоқли ичак яра касаллиги кенг тарқалган.

Ошқозон яра касаллигининг асосий этиологик омилларидан бири бўлган Helicobacter pylori инфекцияси туберкулёз билан касалланган беморларда ҳам юқори частотада учрайди. Айниқса, H. pylori-негатив ошқозон яра касаллиги билан инфильтратив ўпка туберкулёзи биргаликда кечганда клиник прогноз ноқулай ҳисобланади.

Туберкулез (ТБ) остается одной из ведущих причин смертности от инфекционных заболеваний в мире. Вопреки стереотипу о преимущественном поражении мужчин, заболеваемость среди женщин представляет собой значимую и недостаточно изученную медико-социальную проблему. У женщин, особенно репродуктивного возраста, течение туберкулеза имеет выраженные гендерно-возрастные, клинические и социальные особенности. Настоящий обзор, основанный на данных современных эпидемиологических исследований, посвящен анализу частоты встречаемости, возрастного распределения, клинических особенностей и социальных детерминант туберкулеза легких у женщин. Особое внимание уделено взаимосвязи туберкулеза с репродуктивным здоровьем и высокому риску развития лекарственной устойчивости микобактерий в данной популяции. Результаты обзора подчеркивают необходимость разработки дифференцированных подходов к профилактике, ранней диагностике и комплексному лечению туберкулеза у женщин.

The growing adoption of web-based educational platforms has generated large volumes of student-related data, creating new opportunities for analyzing academic performance. However, many PHP-based educational systems still rely on basic statistical summaries and manual evaluation methods, which limit their ability to provide timely and actionable insights. As a result, early identification of learning difficulties and performance risks remains a challenge in many educational environments. This article presents the development of an AI-powered student performance analysis system implemented within a PHP-based educational platform. The proposed system leverages machine learning techniques to analyze student assessment results, activity logs, and engagement indicators in order to identify performance patterns and predict potential academic risks. Artificial intelligence components are integrated into the PHP architecture through a modular design, enabling automated performance analysis without requiring significant changes to existing systems. The results demonstrate that AI-driven performance analysis enhances the accuracy and responsiveness of student evaluation processes. The system enables early detection of low-performing students, supports data-driven academic monitoring, and provides a foundation for informed instructional decision-making. This research contributes to educational technology by illustrating how artificial intelligence can be effectively combined with PHP-based systems to improve student performance analysis and academic support.

The widespread adoption of e-learning systems has significantly increased the volume of data related to student activity, including login behavior, content interaction, and learning engagement patterns. While such data provide valuable insights into learning processes, many PHP-based e-learning systems lack intelligent monitoring mechanisms capable of analyzing student activity in real time. As a result, academic supervision often relies on manual observation or static activity reports, which limits the effectiveness of timely interventions. This article investigates the design and implementation of intelligent monitoring mechanisms for student activity in PHP-based e-learning systems. The proposed approach integrates artificial intelligence techniques into a traditional PHP platform to enable automated tracking, analysis, and interpretation of student activity data. By leveraging AI-driven monitoring, the system aims to identify abnormal behavior patterns, detect disengagement, and support proactive academic supervision. The results demonstrate that intelligent monitoring enhances the visibility of student activity dynamics and enables early identification of potential learning risks. The proposed framework shows that artificial intelligence can be effectively integrated into PHP-based e-learning environments to support continuous monitoring without requiring extensive system restructuring. This research contributes to the development of intelligent e-learning systems by providing a practical model for AI-supported student activity monitoring in widely used web-based platforms.

This article examines the articulatory and phonological characteristics of English monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs. It explores how these vowel categories are produced, how they function within the phonological system, and how their realization varies across dialects such as Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American English (GA). The study also highlights the theoretical implications of vowel complexity, addressing issues related to underlying representation, phonemic inventory, and language acquisition. By connecting phonetic detail with broader linguistic patterns, the article offers a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of English vowel systems.

  This article explores syntax and its main units, as well as traditional and cognitive approaches to syntactic analysis. It explains words, phrases, clauses, and sentences as core units and highlights grammatical rules and sentence classification in traditional approaches, alongside mental representations, constructions, and meaning formation in cognitive approaches. The article demonstrates how formal and cognitive perspectives complement each other in understanding syntax.

This article discusses the main features, principles, and standards of American-based pronunciation of English. It explains the historical formation of American English phonology, the main phonetic differences between General American (GA) and other varieties of English, and the role of American pronunciation in global communication. Special attention is given to segmental and suprasegmental features, including vowels, consonants, stress, rhythm, and intonation. The article also examines why American English is widely used in media, technology, and international education, making it an influential pronunciation standard for learners worldwide.

Мазкур мақолада криминоген вазият мураккаб маҳаллаларда жиноятларнинг олдини олишда маҳаллий ҳокимликлар, давлат органлари ва ташкилотлар раҳбарларининг шахсий масъулиятини ошириш масалалари илмий ва амалий жиҳатдан таҳлил қилинади. Жиноятчиликка таъсир этувчи ижтимоий, иқтисодий ва ташкилий омиллар, ҳудудий профилактика тизимида раҳбар кадрларнинг ўрни ҳамда уларнинг жавобгарлигини кучайтириш механизмлари ўрганилади. Шунингдек, профилактика фаолиятини мувофиқлаштириш, идоралараро ҳамкорликни самарали йўлга қўйиш ва раҳбарларнинг шахсий масъулиятини ошириш орқали криминоген вазиятни барқарорлаштириш имкониятлари кўриб чиқилади. Мақолада амалдаги қонунчилик ва амалий тажриба асосида илмий асосланган таклиф ва хулосалар ишлаб чиқилган.

This article examines the classification of English consonants from a phonetic and phonological perspective. It discusses the main principles used to categorize consonant sounds, including manner and place of articulation, voicing, the role of the soft palate, and articulatory force. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of linguistic literature and aims to present a systematic overview of the English consonant system. The results show that consonant classification is a complex but well-structured system that plays a significant role in meaning differentiation and effective communication. The article highlights the theoretical importance of consonant classification as well as its practical value for pronunciation teaching and language learning.

 This article examines the structural, functional, and discourse aspects of complex sentences in English through taxemic and related approaches. Concepts such as collotaxeme, parataxeme, hypertaxeme (supertaxeme, architaxeme, ultrataxeme), binome, polynome, discourseme, cumuleme, and occurseme are employed to analyze the internal organization of complex sentences and their communicative functions. The study also addresses functional sentence perspective, sentence pragmatics, discourse analysis (textics or textology), and punctuation in modern English. The results demonstrate the interconnectedness of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse in composite sentences and highlight their communicative significance.

Speech melody, also known as intonation, is one of the most essential prosodic features of spoken language. It reflects the speaker’s emotions, attitudes, and communicative intentions, serving as a key indicator of meaning beyond words themselves. The study of speech melody involves analyzing how pitch variations influence linguistic and paralinguistic communication. This article explores the importance and main functions of speech melody in human communication, focusing on its linguistic, pragmatic, and emotional roles. By examining research from phonetics, linguistics, and communication studies, this work highlights how melody helps convey meaning, maintain coherence, and establish interpersonal connections in spoken discourse.

Speech and sentence structure are best understood not only as arrangements of words but as systems of taxemes — analytically useful units that describe how clauses and sentences combine, interact, and function inside larger stretches of discourse. This article examines the taxemic approach to composite sentences (including collotaxeme, paratexeme, hypertaxeme and related metaterms such as supertaxeme, architaxeme, ultrataxeme, binome and polynome), and situates those ideas alongside suprasentential units used in textology (discourseme, cumuleme, occurseme). It then links the taxemic perspective with Functional Sentence Perspective and sentence pragmatics (how sentences package information and speaker intentions), and shows how contemporary discourse analysis (textology/textics) and modern punctuation practice dovetail with — and sometimes complicate — the analysis of composite sentences. The treatment is theoretical but practice-oriented, intended for linguists, teachers of English, and discourse analysts who need an integrated view of form, function and punctuation in the analysis of extended language.

Mazkur maqolada umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarida matematika fanini o‘qitishda kreativ va interaktiv metodlardan foydalanish masalalari yoritilgan. Tadqiqot jarayonida 6-sinfda “Geometrik shakllardagi noma’lum burchaklarni topish” mavzusida tashkil etilgan ochiq dars tajribasi asos qilib olindi. Dars jarayonida savol-javob, guruhli ishlash, amaliy mashqlar hamda axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanish o‘quvchilarning mantiqiy fikrlashini, mustaqil qaror qabul qilish va ijodiy yondashuv ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishga xizmat qilgani asoslab berildi. O‘rganishlar natijasida kreativ metodlar matematika darslarining samaradorligini oshirishi, o‘quvchilarning bilimlarni chuqur va puxta o‘zlashtirishiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatishi aniqlandi. Maqolada keltirilgan xulosalar va takliflar matematika fanini o‘qitish jarayonini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan.

В статье анализируется процесс эволюции и институционализации гендерной политики в Республике Узбекистан в период с 1991 по 2025 годы. Рассматривается переход от формального декларирования принципов равенства полов, унаследованных от советского периода, к формированию комплексной нормативно-правовой и институциональной системы обеспечения равных прав и возможностей женщин и мужчин. Особое внимание уделено ключевым этапам развития гендерной политики, включая ратификацию международных обязательств (CEDAW), введение гендерных квот в избирательное законодательство, принятие специализированных законов 2019 года, а также создание профильных государственных органов и механизмов парламентского контроля. На основе анализа нормативных актов, стратегий и статистических данных оцениваются результаты реформ, выражающиеся в росте политического представительства женщин, развитии механизмов защиты от насилия и расширении социально-экономических возможностей женщин. Делается вывод о том, что в условиях реформ «Нового Узбекистана» гендерная политика приобрела системный и институционально закреплённый характер, при сохранении ряда социальных и культурных вызовов, требующих дальнейших комплексных мер

The rapid growth of digital communication services has led to a significant increase in network traffic, making efficient traffic analysis and optimization a critical requirement in modern computer networks. Diverse applications, heterogeneous devices, and dynamic traffic patterns create challenges related to congestion, latency, and inefficient resource utilization. This paper examines fundamental approaches to network traffic analysis and explores optimization techniques aimed at improving overall network performance. Both traditional statistical methods and modern intelligent approaches are considered to evaluate their effectiveness in identifying traffic characteristics and managing network resources. The study highlights that accurate traffic analysis serves as the foundation for effective optimization strategies, enabling improved throughput, reduced delay, and enhanced quality of service. The findings emphasize the importance of adaptive and data-driven techniques for addressing the complexity of contemporary network environments.

The increasing complexity and scale of modern computer networks have made traditional monitoring and fault detection mechanisms insufficient for ensuring reliable network operation. Conventional rule-based and threshold-driven approaches often fail to detect hidden anomalies and respond promptly to dynamic network conditions. This paper investigates the application of artificial intelligence techniques for network monitoring and fault detection. The study analyzes how machine learning and intelligent data analysis enable proactive detection of abnormal behavior, early identification of network failures, and automated performance optimization. The findings demonstrate that AI-based monitoring systems significantly improve detection accuracy, reduce response time, and enhance overall network reliability. The paper highlights the importance of intelligent and adaptive monitoring frameworks for managing next-generation computer networks.

Ushbu maqolada xalqaro mehmonxonalar tarmogʻi, ularning sodiqlik dasturi hamda bundan koʻzlangan maqsad va vazifalar HYATT mehmonxona  tarmogʻi misolida batafsil koʻrib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari sodiqlik dasturining mehmonxona  xoʻjaligi faoliyatidagi qiymatini asoslab beradi 

The complex sentence occupies a central position in theoretical English grammar, as it reflects the speaker’s ability to express logically and semantically interrelated ideas within a single syntactic structure. A complex sentence consists of one independent (principal) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses, which are grammatically and semantically linked to the main clause. This article examines the theoretical foundations of the complex sentence, its structural and semantic classification, and provides a detailed analysis of complex sentences containing subject, object, predicative, attributive, and appositive clauses. The study aims to systematize the main approaches to the classification of complex sentences and to demonstrate the functional diversity of subordinate clauses in modern English.  

This scientific article examines the phonetic processes that influence consonants in connected speech and explains how these modifications shape the natural rhythm of spoken English. When words are pronounced continuously rather than in isolation, consonant sounds change under the influence of neighboring sounds, speech rate, and articulatory requirements. The article analyzes four main types of modifications: assimilation, accommodation, elision, and linking. Each process is described in terms of its articulatory mechanism and communicative function. The study also highlights the significance of teaching connected speech phenomena to improve learners’ listening comprehension and pronunciation. By reviewing linguistic research, the article concludes that understanding consonant modifications is essential for achieving fluent and natural spoken English.

The sentence, as a fundamental unit of language, serves not only as a grammatical construction but also as a vehicle for social and communicative action. This study examines sentence types according to the purpose of expression, focusing on the interplay between grammatical form, pragmatic function, and discourse context. Through an integration of functional grammar, speech-act theory, and discourse analysis, the research investigates how declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences operate to convey information, elicit responses, direct behavior, and express emotion. The analysis further explores the dynamic relationship between syntactic structure, intonation, and communicative intention, demonstrating how sentences achieve both literal and pragmatic effects. Extensive examples from spoken and written English, along with consideration of indirect and context-dependent usages, illustrate that sentence types are flexible and multifunctional rather than rigidly categorical. The findings underscore the essential role of sentence classification in structuring discourse, managing interaction, and enhancing expressive and persuasive power in communication. This article offers a comprehensive reinterpretation of sentence functionality, providing insights for linguistic theory, discourse studies, and language pedagogy.

The syllable, despite its intuitive familiarity among speakers, remains one of the most theoretically contested constructs in linguistic analysis. This study investigates the complex nature of syllables in English by examining their internal structure, formation patterns, and mechanisms of syllable separation. Through an integration of sonority-based models, generative phonological theory, and prosodic hierarchy principles, the research elaborates on how syllables function as both physical articulatory events and abstract phonological units. The analysis further explores the interaction between phonotactics, morphology, and stress, illustrating how these elements jointly dictate the permissible configurations of English syllables. Extensive examples, cross-linguistic comparisons, and theoretical arguments demonstrate that syllable structure is neither arbitrary nor uniform but reflects a delicate equilibrium of universal tendencies and language-specific constraints. The findings underscore the syllable’s essential role in determining rhythm, phonological alternation, segmentation, and lexical organization. This article contributes a comprehensive, original reinterpretation of syllable formation and separation, offering valuable insights for linguistic research, language pedagogy, and applied speech technologies.

Ushbu ilmiy maqola XIX asr oxiri – XX asr boshlarida Toshkent shahrida faoliyat yuritgan noislomiy diniy tashkilotlarning shakllanishi, rivojlanishi va ularning shahar ijtimoiy-madaniy hayotiga ta’sirini tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qiladi. Maqola Turkiston o‘lkasining imperiyaviy davrdagi demografik tarkibi, etnik-diniy ko‘p qatlamlilik jarayonlari hamda Toshkentning yangi ma’muriy markaz sifatida shakllanishi bilan bog‘liq o‘zgarishlarni ilmiy asosda yoritadi. Pravoslav, katolik, protestant jamoalari hamda Buxoro yahudiylari va ashkenazi yahudiy jamoalarining diniy faoliyati, ularning diniy-ma’rifiy muassasalari, jamiyatdagi o‘rni va o‘zaro munosabatlari izchil ochib beriladi.

Mazkur maqolada xo`jalik faoliyati ustidan rahbarlik qilish va    boshqarish uchun korxona qanday mablag`larga ega, ularning tarkibi va qayerda joylashganligi hamda bu mablag`lar qanday manbalardan tashkil topganligi to`g`risida aniq ma’lumotlar bo`lishi kabi zaruriy tamoillar ko’rib chiqilgan.

This article examines the grammatical structure, semantic features, and functional significance of compound sentences in the English language. A compound sentence is formed by joining two or more independent clauses through coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet, or by using a semicolon. The study highlights the distinctive characteristics of compound sentences in comparison with simple and complex sentences, emphasizing their role in conveying logical relationships between ideas. Through illustrative examples, the article analyzes the use of compound sentences in both written and spoken discourse. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of mastering compound sentence structures in English language teaching, particularly in enhancing learners’ writing fluency, coherence, and syntactic variety. The findings suggest that a thorough understanding of compound sentences contributes significantly to effective communication and grammatical competence in English.

Ushbu maqolada IT sohasida yurtimizda amalga oshirilayotgan keng ko'lamli ishlar axborot texnologiyalari haqida umumiy ma'lumotlar hamda umumta'lim maktablarining boshlang'ich sinflarida axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning afzalliklari yoritilgan.

The article discusses the characteristics of science, technology and innovation parks as an innovation ecosystem of Uzbekistan, their formation factors and models. The international experience of science, technology and innovation parks and the possibilities of their application in our country are also studied.

This article presents a comprehensive and original analysis of nouns and their grammatical categories in the English language. It examines nouns not only as lexical units that name people, objects, places, and abstract concepts, but also as grammatical elements shaped by categories such as number, case, gender, definiteness, countability, and animacy. The study discusses how these categories influence the structural behavior of nouns, their syntactic roles, and their interaction with other components of the sentence. Special attention is given to how different languages classify nouns, highlighting the typological diversity and cognitive significance of grammatical categories. Through descriptive and comparative approaches, the article demonstrates that understanding the grammatical categories of nouns is essential for linguistic analysis, language learning, and effective communication, as these categories contribute directly to clarity, coherence, and meaning in speech and writing.        

This article provides an in-depth and original analysis of the work of the organs of speech, examining how various anatomical structures cooperate to produce human language. It discusses the roles of the respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, and resonating organs, highlighting how airflow, vocal fold vibration, and articulatory movements interact to generate speech sounds. The study explains the functions of major speech organs such as the lungs, diaphragm, larynx, tongue, lips, palate, and nasal cavity, emphasizing their coordinated activity in respiration, phonation, articulation, and resonance. Through descriptive and analytical approaches, the article demonstrates that spoken language is the result of a highly complex physiological system that transforms airflow into meaningful sounds. Understanding the work of the organs of speech is crucial for linguistics, phonetics, speech therapy, and language teaching, as it provides the foundation for analyzing pronunciation, correcting articulation, and treating speech disorders.

This article examines the role of word choice in creating atmosphere in Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights. The study focuses on how lexical selection related to nature, emotion, violence, and Gothic elements contributes to the dark, intense, and dramatic mood of the novel. Through an analysis of descriptive language and contrasting settings, the article demonstrates that Brontë’s careful use of words plays a crucial role in shaping the emotional impact of the narrative and revealing the psychological states of the characters. Special attention is given to the relationship between language and setting, showing how diction reflects both the external environment and the inner conflicts of the characters. The study also highlights word choice as a key stylistic device in Gothic literature.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonning sug‘oriladigan dehqonchilik sharoitida, xususan sholichilikda tuproq unumdorligini oshirish va mineral o‘g‘itlarga bo‘lgan talabni kamaytirish maqsadida Azolla suv paporotnigidan foydalanish imkoniyatlari o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, Azolla-Anabaena simbiozi atmosferadagi azotni samarali o‘zlashtirib, gektariga kuniga 2–4 kg gacha biologik azot to‘plash xususiyatiga ega. Maqolada azollani monoekin va aralash ekin (interkrop) sifatida yetishtirish, uning suvdan foydalanish samaradorligiga ta’siri hamda iqtisodiy foydaliligi tahlil qilingan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, azolla qo‘llanilganda mineral o‘g‘itlar sarfi kamayib, tuproqning fizik-kimyoviy xossalari yaxshilanadi.

Konveyer haydovchi motorining yonib ketishi va ish faoliyatidagi nosozliklar shaxta va karyerlarda keng tarqalgan muammolardan biridir. Ushbu muammolar noto‘g‘ri uskuna tanlovi tufayli yuzaga kelishi mumkin, ammo ko‘pincha ishlash sharoitlari o‘zgarganda paydo bo‘ladi: ishlab chiqarish quvvati oshishi, material turi o‘zgarishi, lenta tezligi o‘zgarishi yoki atrof-muhit sharoiti o‘zgarishi. Elektr muammolar, masalan, noto‘g‘ri ta’minot kuchlanishi, fazalarning nomutanosibligi va VFD (o‘zgaruvchan chastotali elektr oqimi) o‘rnatishdan kelib chiqadigan rezonansdan yuzaga kelgan yuklamalar motorni shikastlashi mumkin; ammo ko‘pchilik motor kuyishlari ortiqcha yuklanish, haddan tashqari tortish yoki motorning yetarlicha quvvatga ega emasligi tufayli yuz beradi.

Zamonaviy ochiq konchilik sanoatida (karyerlarda) ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish, ishlab chiqarish xarajatlarni kamaytirish va xavfsizlik darajasini yuqori bosqichga olib chiqish dolzarb masalalardan biri hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolada an’anaviy Ekskavator va Karyer avtoag’dargichi  asosidagi qazib olish tizimining uzoq yillar davomida deyarli o‘zgarmaganligi, uning texnologik va ishlab chiqarishda cheklovlarini tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, notekis yuklash, ekskavatorning avtosamasvalni kutish vaqtlari, avtoag’dargich siklining buzilishi hamda xavfsizlik bilan bog‘liq muammolarni,  asosiy kamchiliklar sifatida ko‘rsatib beriladi.Mazkur muammolarga yechim sifatida Australiyaning konchilik mashinalari va jihozlari ishlab chiqaruvchi MMD kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan (to‘liq harakatchan oraliq yuk to‘plovchi”)  BUNKER texnologiyasi  texnik jihatdan ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ushbu texnologiya ekskavator va yuk mashinalari o‘rtasidagi kechikish, ortiqcha yuklash yoki avtosamasvalni  to’liq to’ldirmaslik muammolarini bartaraf etib, oraliqdagi qiya konvoyor texnologiyasi orqali material oqimini barqarorlashtirishga asoslangan. Tadqiqotda BUNKERning ishlash prinsipi, 3D kamera va RFID texnologiyalari asosidagi avtomatlashtirilgan joylashtirish tizimi, material darajasini nazorat qilish va aniq yuklash mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi.Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ushbu texnologiyani joriy etish orqali ishlab chiqarish hajmini 40% gacha oshirish, ekskavatorning foydalanish darajasini 95% gacha yetkazish, yuk mashinalari sonini kamaytirish hamda yuklash vaqti va xavflarini sezilarli darajada qisqartirish mumkin. Shuningdek, BUNKER(to’liq harakatchan oraliq yuk to’plovchi qurilma)tizimi yarim va to‘liq avtonom konchilik uchun texnologik asos yaratadi.Ushbu tadqiqot natijalari ochiq konchilikda an’anaviy ekskavator va avtosamasval tizimini modernizatsiya qilish va yuqori samaradorlikka erishish uchun ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan muhim ahamiyatga ega.MMD kompaniyasi bu muammoni hal qildi va konchilik kompaniyalari bundan qanday foyda ko‘rmoqda.

Mazkur maqolada ochiq kon sharoitida ekskavator ish fronti parametrlari va ularning texnologik samaradorlikka ta’siri Qalmoqqir konining real ishlab chiqarish ma’lumotlari asosida ilmiy jihatdan tadqiq etilgan. Zaboy balandligi, ish fronti kengligi, ekskavatorning zaboyga nisbatan joylashuvi hamda ish frontidan foydalanish koeffitsientining qazib-yuklash jarayonidagi roli tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot jarayonida ishlab chiqarish kuzatuvlari, texnologik hisob-kitoblar va me’yoriy-uslubiy yondashuvlardan foydalanilgan. Olingan natijalar ish fronti parametrlarini ratsional tanlash ekskavator ish sikli davomiyligini qisqartirish, kovsh to‘lish darajasini oshirish hamda umumiy unumdorlikni 12–18 % gacha ko‘paytirish imkonini berishini ko‘rsatadi. Tadqiqot natijalari ochiq kon ishlarini loyihalash va rejalashtirishda amaliy ahamiyatga ega.

Mazkur maqolada Qalmoqqir ochiq konining real tog‘-geologik va ishlab chiqarish sharoitlarida zaboy uzunligining ekskavator ish sikli, transport vositalari bilan o‘zaro ishlash jarayoni hamda umumiy texnologik unumdorlikka ta’siri kompleks ravishda tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqot doirasida zaboy uzunligi, bir vaqtning o‘zida xizmat ko‘rsatiladigan transport vositalari soni, ularning joylashuv sxemasi, yuklash ketma-ketligi va zaboydan foydalanish koeffitsienti o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqliklar aniqlangan. Ishlab chiqarish kuzatuvlari, texnologik va iqtisodiy hisob-kitoblar hamda normativ-uslubiy yondashuvlar asosida optimal zaboy uzunligini aniqlash mezonlari ishlab chiqilgan. Tahlil natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, zaboy uzunligi yetarli bo‘lmagan sharoitda transport vositalarining navbat kutish vaqti ortadi va ekskavatorning bekor turish holatlari ko‘payadi, bu esa umumiy unumdorlikning pasayishiga olib keladi. Aksincha, zaboy uzunligini ilmiy asosda tanlash yuklash jarayonining uzluksizligini ta’minlab, ish frontidan foydalanish koeffitsientini oshiradi va ekskavator ish sikli davomiyligini qisqartiradi. Qalmoqqir koni sharoitida optimal zaboy uzunligini tanlash orqali ekskavator unumdorligini o‘rtacha 10–16 % gacha oshirish imkoniyati mavjudligi aniqlangan.

Olingan ilmiy natijalar ochiq konlarda qazib-yuklash jarayonlarini loyihalash, ishlab chiqarishni rejalashtirish va ekskavator-transport tizimining texnologik samaradorligini oshirishda amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, o‘xshash tog‘-geologik sharoitga ega konlarda ham qo‘llanishi mumkin.

This article presents an expanded structural and functional analysis of phonemic theory within the English phonological system, with particular emphasis on the systematic relationship between phonemes and their allophonic realizations. Grounded in the theoretical traditions of European structuralism and generative phonology, the study conceptualizes phonemes as abstract cognitive units that acquire phonetic substance through context-sensitive rules. Using minimal pair analysis, distributional evidence, and contextual phonological interpretation, the research examines aspiration, lateral velarization, alveolar flapping, and vowel duration as core manifestations of English allophony. The findings demonstrate that allophonic variation in English is strictly rule-governed and integral to phonological competence rather than peripheral phonetic detail. The article further argues that insufficient phonemic awareness constitutes a primary source of pronunciation difficulty for second language learners. Pedagogical and applied implications are discussed with reference to pronunciation instruction, speech therapy, and speech technology. The study contributes to contemporary phonological debate by reaffirming the explanatory power of phonemic theory in both theoretical and applied domains.

Ушбу мақолада профилактика инспекторининг ғайриижтимоий хулқатворга эга бўлган шахслар билан ишлаш фаолияти, унинг тушунчаси, асосий йўналишлари, ўзига хос хусусиятлари, ташкилий-ҳуқуқий асослари, ушбу йўналишдаги хорижий давлатларнинг илғор иш тажрибалари ёритилган, профилактика инспекторининг ғайриижтимоий хулқатворга эга бўлган шахслар билан ишлаш фаолиятидаги мавжуд муаммолар таҳлил қилинган ҳамда уларнинг ечимлари юзасидан таклиф ва тавсиялар ишлаб чиқилган.

Ushbu akademik maqola murakkab masalalarni samarali yechishda metakognitiv strategiyalarning o‘rni va ularni ta’lim jarayonida shakllantirish metodikasiga bag‘ishlangan. Maqolada metakognitsiyaning nazariy asoslari, uning tarkibiy qismlari hamda o‘quvchi va mutaxassislarning fikrlash jarayonlarini nazorat qilish, baholash va tartibga solishdagi ahamiyati chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, murakkab masalalar tushunchasi va ularni yechishda metakognitiv strategiyalarni qo‘llash mexanizmlari yoritiladi. Metakognitiv strategiyalarni rivojlantirishning metodologik prinsiplari, jumladan, aktiv o‘rganish, o‘z-o‘zini aks ettirish, scaffolding va o‘quv dasturlariga integratsiya qilish usullari atroflicha ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola so‘ngida tadqiqot natijalari umumlashtirilib, kelgusi tadqiqotlar uchun istiqbollar belgilab beriladi.

Mazkur maqolada ta’lim jarayonida multimedia tushunchasi, uning asosiy turlari hamda pedagogik ahamiyati ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Multimedia vositalarining o‘quvchilarning bilish faoliyati, motivatsiyasi va o‘quv samaradorligiga ta’siri yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, multimedia texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning zamonaviy ta’limdagi o‘rni ochib beriladi.

В статье анализируются современные направления развития международного сотрудничества между Республикой Казахстан и Республикой Узбекистан в сфере оказания правовой помощи по уголовным делам, с акцентом на досудебное расследование и исполнение обвинительных приговоров в отношении граждан, совершивших преступления за рубежом. Особое внимание уделено Договору между Казахстаном и Узбекистаном о передаче осуждённых для дальнейшего отбывания наказания, вступившему в силу в августе 2023 года, а также практике его реализации. Автор исследует организационно-правовые механизмы экстрадиции, порядок исполнения приговоров, а также роль органов уголовно-исполнительной системы и миграционной службы в сопровождении данной процедуры. На основе сравнительно-правового анализа обосновывается необходимость системного подхода к передаче осуждённых лиц как эффективного инструмента гуманизации наказаний и оптимизации бюджетных расходов государства. Кроме того, обосновывается целесообразность обмена накопленным опытом и методическими разработками между компетентными органами Казахстана и Узбекистана, включая внедрение единого подхода к расследованию новых составов преступлений, введённых Законом Республики Казахстан от 16 июля 2025 года № 210-VIII. В заключение делается вывод о том, что институциональное развитие договорной базы и внедрение цифровых технологий в деятельность следственных органов являются ключевыми направлениями адаптации системы международного сотрудничества к современным реалиям и вызовам цифровой эпохи.

В статье представлен сравнительно-правовой анализ организации прокурорского надзора за расследованием преступлений на транспорте на основе опыта Узбекистана, России и Казахстана. Автор исследует историческое развитие, правовые основы и организационную структуру систем прокуратуры в этих государствах. В статье детально анализируются полномочия прокурора на стадии досудебного расследования, специализация транспортных прокуратур и особенности их деятельности. Рассматривается опыт России по созданию сети межрегиональных специализированных транспортных прокуратур, а также опыт Казахстана по внедрению с 2021 года института прокурорского фильтра. Результаты исследования направлены на выработку практических рекомендаций по совершенствованию прокурорского надзора в транспортной сфере Узбекистана, включая создание специализированных транспортных прокуратур, повышение квалификации прокурорских работников и внедрение зарубежного опыта. Автор обосновывает необходимость усиления эффективности прокурорского надзора в обеспечении транспортной безопасности с учётом стратегического географического положения Узбекистана на пересечении международных транспортных коридоров.

Mazkur maqolada Xorazm viloyati Shovot tumani Cho`qli qishlog`i hududida joylashgan Miskin bobo ziyoratgohining tarixiy-ma’naviy ahamiyati hamda hozirgi kundagi  holati tahlil qilinadi.Tadqiqot davomida tarixiy obyektning tuman ziyorat turizmidagi ahamiyati va hududning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojiga ta’siri yoritilgan.Mazkur ziyoratgohning ziyoratchilar oqimini oshirish borasida yuzaga kelayotgan  bir qator muammolari tahlil qilinib,ularga yechimlar sifatida takliflar beriladi.

 Mazkur ish tibbiyot va farmatsevtika sanoatida kollagen hamda kollagen asosidagi materiallardan foydalanish imkoniyatlarini ko‘rib chiqishga bag‘ishlangan. Turli dori vositalari va davolash usullari paydo bo‘lishiga qaramay, tibbiyot rivojining hozirgi bosqichida yara jarayonining mahalliy namoyonlariga samarali ta’sir ko‘rsatish muammosi hanuzgacha to‘liq hal etilmaganligicha qolmoqda. Klinik samaraga ega bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan ko‘plab hujayra turlari orasida dermal fibroblastlar alohida qiziqish uyg‘otadi. Ular mezeximal hujayralarning geterogen populyatsiyasi bo‘lib, hujayralararo o‘zaro ta’sirlarni tartibga solishda va teri gomeostazini saqlashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Hozirgi vaqtda yaralarni davolash uchun 60 dan ortiq zamonaviy hujayraviy va to‘qimaviy preparatlar mavjud bo‘lib, bu optimal, xavfsiz va samarali ad’yuvant terapiyani tanlashni sezilarli darajada murakkablashtiradi. Ushbu ishda yaralarning bitish jarayonida kollagenning tutgan o‘rniga bag‘ishlangan jahon adabiyotlari sharhi keltirilgan. Shuningdek, turli kelib chiqishga ega bo‘lgan surunkali yaralar va yarachalar epidemiologiyasi muammolari, yara jarayonining fazalaridagi fiziologik va patofiziologik jihatlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Turli tipdagi kollagenlarning patogenetik roli, shuningdek kollagen, makrofaglar, fibroblastlar, matritsali metalloproteinazalar va boshqa sitokinlarning yarali nuqsonlar bitish jarayonidagi faoliyat mexanizmlari muhokama qilinadi.