Eurasian Journal of Academic Research

This scientific article provides a systematic analysis of international experience in the architectural and landscape organization of public spaces and examines the possibilities of its effective application in the context of Uzbekistan. The study explores the functional, ecological, and social significance of public spaces within the urban environment and highlights their role in sustainable urban development. Using examples from major cities around the world, the article analyzes approaches focused on human-centered design, the development of green infrastructure, and the improvement of urban microclimate. Particular attention is given to the importance of adapting global practices to local climatic conditions, historical and architectural heritage, and national cultural characteristics. The research findings have practical relevance for urban planning and landscape architecture practices.

This article analyzes international methods used to determine the level of containerization and examines their potential application in the transport and logistics industry of Uzbekistan. The study compares the strengths and weaknesses of existing structures, especially the availability of data, the level of development of operational processes and infrastructure. One of the most important conclusions of the report is the adaptation of international methods to Uzbekistan's unique logistics system. The main conclusions indicated that, while the share of TEU and throughput efficiency are globally recognized indicators, the methodological approaches for their application in Uzbekistan need to be revisited and improved data collection systems should be implemented. The study concludes with practical recommendations for the Ministry of Transport and relevant agencies. These include testing adapted measuring instruments in logistics centers, incorporating key containerization indicators into national documents, such as the Transport Strategy until 2035, and building institutional capacity for evidence-based decision-making. In turn, the promotion of the containerization initiative in Uzbekistan will be carried out by adapting international best practices to national interests and the modern environment. This study provides accurate data for determining the level of containerization and conducting statistical analysis.

The assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures plays a crucial role in ensuring their structural safety, reliability, and long-term operation. This study examines key aspects that should be considered in the evaluation process of construction facilities, with particular emphasis on the regularity of technical inspections, the application of modern diagnostic methods, and compliance with regulatory and normative requirements. The research analyzes visual inspection, instrumental diagnostics, and documentation-based assessment methods, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Existing challenges in the current assessment practice are identified, and practical recommendations aimed at improving the accuracy and effectiveness of technical condition evaluations are proposed. The implementation of advanced assessment approaches contributes to enhancing operational safety and extending the service life of buildings and structures

This article analyzes the issues of using international experience in the process of developing inclusive education in the New Uzbekistan. The inclusive education systems of South Korea and Japan are examined, and their methodological approaches and practical effectiveness are compared in terms of their applicability to the conditions of Uzbekistan. The article discusses the ways of developing inclusive education, the training of teachers, and issues of interschool cooperation. The research findings serve to develop recommendations for modernizing the inclusive education system of Uzbekistan and effectively implementing international experience

This article examines the key problems that arise in the process of developing students’ socio-moral competencies and the ways to address them based on a theoretical and methodological analysis. The relevance of the topic is justified by the growing need in modern higher education to shape young people as socially responsible, morally mature individuals with a strong civic stance. The study is based on a systematic analysis of pedagogical and psychological literature, which identifies the factors that reduce the effectiveness of the educational process and substantiates conceptual approaches and methodological directions aimed at overcoming these challenges. As a result, a set of pedagogical solutions aimed at developing students’ socio-moral competencies is proposed. The proposed approach has scientific and practical significance for improving the effectiveness of educational work in higher education institutions.

This article presents a detailed comparative analysis of verbal morphology in English and Karakalpak languages. The study focuses on the morphological expression of core grammatical categories of the verb, including tense, aspect, mood, voice, negation, and person–number agreement. English, as a predominantly analytic language, encodes most verbal meanings through auxiliary verbs and syntactic constructions, whereas Karakalpak, as an agglutinative Turkic language, expresses grammatical meanings mainly through suffixation within the verb structure. Through systematic comparison and illustrative examples, the article demonstrates how grammatical information is distributed differently across verbal forms in the two languages while fulfilling similar communicative functions. The findings highlight typological contrasts that have significant implications for contrastive linguistics, translation, and language teaching, particularly in the context of English–Karakalpak bilingualism.

Cardiotoxic complications remain one of the leading causes of decreased quality of life and prognosis in patients with acute leukemia receiving antitumor therapy. Along with clinical and therapeutic factors, genetic predisposition, including polymorphisms of genes involved in the formation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, is increasingly being considered. The C1997A (Sp1, rs1800012) polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene affects the regulation of type I collagen expression and may contribute to structural myocardial abnormalities.

Mazkur ilmiy maqolada badiiy kulolchilikni rivojlantirishning dolzarb masalalari hamda uni usta hunarmandlar bilan klaster asosida tashkil etishning konseptual va tashkiliy mexanizmlari tadqiq etiladi. Tadqiqot jarayonida badiiy kulolchilikning madaniy va iqtisodiy mohiyati, sohada mavjud tizimli muammolar hamda ularni bartaraf etishda klaster yondashuvining ustun jihatlari ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Maqolada usta hunarmandlarning klaster tizimidagi markaziy o‘rni, usta–shogird an’anasini saqlash va rivojlantirish, innovatsion texnologiyalar hamda zamonaviy dizayn yechimlarini joriy etish masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Shuningdek, klaster modeli asosida badiiy kulolchilikni rivojlantirishning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy samaradorligi, hududiy rivojlanish va milliy madaniy merosni asrashdagi ahamiyati yoritib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari badiiy kulolchilikni barqaror rivojlantirish, hunarmandlar faoliyatini qo‘llab-quvvatlash hamda milliy hunarmandchilikni zamonaviy kreativ industriya sifatida shakllantirishga qaratilgan ilmiy-amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqishga xizmat qiladi.

This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological foundations of developing empathic qualities in future teachers based on modern strategies, as well as ways to improve pedagogical technologies aimed at fostering empathy. The study reveals the essence of empathy, its role in the professional competence of a teacher, and its significance within a learner-centered education system. Furthermore, the article examines the effectiveness of reflective learning, role-playing activities, pedagogical trainings, and case-study technologies in developing empathic qualities. Based on the example of educational institutions in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, practical recommendations for improving the process of forming empathic qualities in future teachers are proposed.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is accompanied not only by impaired respiratory function, but also by systemic metabolic disorders. One of the main manifestations of metabolic syndrome is hyperinsulinemia - an increase in insulin levels in the blood, which can precede the development of insulin resistance (insulin resistance) and type 2 diabetes.

This article examines the features of the use of phraseological synonyms in M. Nizanov’s novel “Ashıq bolmaǵan kim bar?”. The differences between phraseological synonyms in terms of their emotional and expressive coloring are analyzed on the basis of examples taken from the literary work.

This article analyzes practice-oriented methodological mechanisms aimed at developing the creative competence of pre-service primary school teachers based on an integrative approach. Creativity is interpreted not merely as an individual ability or an abstract quality, but as a professional competence formed through the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge, methodological thinking, psychological sensitivity, and digital technologies. The article provides a detailed description of such methods as integrative methodological design, problem-integrative situations, interdisciplinary creative tasks, the methodological laboratory, project-based integrative teaching, reflexive-analytical integration, and the creative methodological portfolio. These methods prepare students to analyze pedagogical situations, redesign lessons, integrate interdisciplinary knowledge, create open-ended tasks, define assessment criteria, and improve pedagogical decisions through reflective analysis. The article demonstrates the effectiveness of the integrative approach in developing creative competence through practical examples.

Gynecological diseases remain a significant public health concern among women of reproductive age and contribute substantially to morbidity, reduced quality of life, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Preventive healthcare services play a crucial role in early detection, risk reduction, and timely management of gynecological conditions. Women’s consultation clinics represent a key component of primary healthcare systems, providing accessible reproductive health services, preventive examinations, health education, and counseling. This study aims to evaluate the role and effectiveness of women’s consultation clinics in the prevention of gynecological diseases among women of reproductive age. Particular attention is given to preventive strategies, including routine gynecological examinations, screening programs, health education, and early diagnosis.

This study examines the effectiveness of simulation centers in medical universities in Uzbekistan, focusing on their role in enhancing practical skills, clinical reasoning, and professional competence among medical students. Simulation centers provide realistic, risk-free environments where learners can practice procedures, manage clinical scenarios, and develop teamwork and communication skills. The research evaluates the integration of simulation-based education into medical curricula, including structured scenarios, feedback mechanisms, and competency assessments. Findings indicate that well-designed simulation centers significantly improve student confidence, skill acquisition, and readiness for clinical practice. The study also highlights challenges, such as technological limitations, faculty training, resource allocation, and curriculum integration. Recommendations for optimizing the effectiveness of simulation centers in Uzbekistan include investment in infrastructure, faculty development, and strategic curriculum planning to align with international standards.

Telemedicine has emerged as one of the most transformative innovations in modern healthcare, particularly in developing countries where access to medical services is often limited. By utilizing digital communication technologies, telemedicine enables remote consultations, diagnosis, and treatment, bridging the gap between healthcare providers and patients in rural or underserved areas. This approach not only enhances healthcare accessibility but also reduces the burden on hospitals and healthcare workers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine proved to be an effective tool for maintaining continuity of care while minimizing infection risks. However, despite its significant potential, the implementation of telemedicine in developing countries faces various obstacles, such as insufficient digital infrastructure, low internet penetration, limited digital literacy, and regulatory challenges. This paper analyzes the impact of telemedicine on healthcare accessibility, identifies the key barriers to its adoption, and provides recommendations for the sustainable integration of telemedicine into public health systems

This study analyzes the role of organizing and conducting "Social Prevention Week" in the regional crime prevention system from scientific-theoretical and practical perspectives. Social prevention is highlighted as a comprehensive mechanism aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions of crime, and its implementation through the mahalla institution is substantiated as an effective approach. In organizing the week, great importance is placed on analyzing the criminogenic situation, targeted planning, ensuring interdepartmental cooperation, raising legal awareness and culture among the population, and implementing measures aimed at solving social problems. Based on scientific research and official statistical data, it is scientifically substantiated that this mechanism serves for the early prevention of crime

Background. In peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis (PTL), the selection of surgical strategy is complicated by the clinical and morphological heterogeneity of the disease and the risk of destructive complications. Objective. To evaluate the impact of a stepwise ultrasound protocol (B-mode imaging, Doppler assessment, and elastography according to Furukawa classification) on surgical decision-making and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods. A prospective single-center study (n=150; 2019–2022) was conducted. Patients were stratified according to a 150→100→50 algorithm with analysis of nodal size, vascularization (resistance index, RI), and elastographic patterns. Results. Surgical treatment was performed in 62 patients (41.3%), while 88 (58.7%) were managed conservatively; revision of the initial therapeutic decision was required in 29 cases (19.3%). The rate of surgical intervention was 94.4% in patients with Furukawa types IV–V compared with 16.7% in types I–II (p<0.001). Postoperative complications occurred in 9.7% of cases, and repeat interventions in 4.8%; no progression was observed in the conservatively treated group. Conclusion. The multimodal ultrasound algorithm provides quantitative stratification of disease activity and supports a justified selection of surgical management in PTL.

The spinning industry is characterized by continuous physical activity, repetitive movements, exposure to dust, vibration, and noise. These occupational factors influence the specific resistance of the human body, which refers to the ability of an organism to withstand physical and environmental stressors. This study evaluates cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal resistance among spinning industry workers. Comparative analysis with a control group reveals significant reductions in physiological resistance indicators. The findings highlight the importance of preventive occupational health strategies.

This article systematically analyzes the legal and institutional mechanisms for protecting women and children from harassment and violence in Uzbekistan. The study examines the 2023 Criminal Code amendments and the priorities of the new 2024 legislation on child protection from a scientific perspective. Finally, the activities of “Inson” social service centers are investigated, and practical recommendations for fostering zero tolerance for violence within society are proposed.

Fractures of the olecranon and proximal/middle third of the ulna require stable fixation to restore function; with conventional techniques, complication rates reach 15–30%. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a universal compression intramedullary screw. Materials and Methods. A single-center study included 30 patients (mean age 38.4 ± 12.6 years) with isolated fractures. Early mobilization was initiated on postoperative days 10–12. The follow-up period was 12 months. Time to union, pain intensity (VAS), and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test. Results. Fracture union was achieved in 100% of patients within 10.1 ± 1.2 weeks (range 8–12). VAS pain scores decreased from 6.8 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001).

In the context of studying the factors contributing to the violation of bone consolidation, special attention is paid to the role of age characteristics and the localization of the fracture. As can be seen from the results, primary trauma in children, especially in the age group where active growth of bone tissue occurs, may have its own specific features in terms of reparative processes. Repeated fractures (refractures) at a younger age, as this study has shown, most often occur in boys, which may be associated with greater physical activity and a tendency towards risky behavior. Formation of the primary bone callus, which is a key stage of healing, may be disrupted if reposition is delayed or inadequate treatment is provided, which creates the prerequisites for further complications correct.

Background. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children is characterized by progressive epiphyseal deformity, persistent pain, and impairment of hip joint function. Optimization of surgical management through the use of advanced diagnostic modalities and personalized fixation strategies remains a clinically relevant objective. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of individualized metal fixation systems in the surgical treatment of pediatric avascular necrosis of the femoral head compared with conventional fixation techniques. Materials and Methods. An ambispective cohort study with a historical control was conducted between 2023 and 2025. A total of 150 children aged 4–15 years were included: a retrospective group (n=80) treated with conventional surgical techniques and standard fixation, and a prospective group (n=70) managed using multislice computed tomography (MSCT) with 3D reconstruction, Doppler ultrasound assessment, and individualized fixation constructs.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality. Rational pharmaceutical management is fundamental in improving symptoms, enhancing quality of life, and reducing hospitalizations and mortality. This article reviews current clinical-pharmacological strategies for CHF treatment, emphasizing evidence-based drug classes, therapeutic mechanisms, and rational prescription practices. Key drug categories include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), beta-adrenergic blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), and diuretics. Additionally, new agents and optimization strategies are discussed. Flowcharts and diagrams illustrate treatment pathways and decision points. The analysis supports a patient-centered, risk-benefit approach to drug selection based on comorbidities, renal function, and individual tolerability.

Cytological analyses are among the most important methods of laboratory diagnostics, based on the evaluation of morphological changes at the cellular level. This method is characterized by minimal invasiveness, rapid results, and cost-effectiveness, making it highly valuable for the early detection of oncological, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundations, types, diagnostic stages, clinical significance, advantages, and limitations of cytological analyses. In addition, modern cytology techniques, including liquid-based cytology, immunocytochemistry, and artificial intelligence-assisted analysis, are discussed. Diagrams are used to visually illustrate cytological procedures and cellular changes.

This article systematizes the types of household ceramic vessels (hollow and flat objects, functional vessels) in the conditions of Uzbekistan and analyzes their production characteristics - raw material base, molding/shaping, drying and firing modes, porosity, mechanical parameters, heat resistance and model cost - in comparison with international practice. Also, the risk of Pb/Cd (and possibly Co) migration from glazes and decorations in contact with food, regulatory approaches to control and laboratory protocols are described. The statistical block was performed with modeled data based on transparent assumptions for 30 samples (20 Uzbek, 10 international) in order to demonstrate the methodology, due to the limited availability of a complete experimental dataset in open sources; the figures are interpreted as "demonstration of the analytical approach", and not as "industry statistics".

The article presents a study of autonomous voltage inverters used in the traction electric drives of the Tashkent Metro's electric rolling stock. The main focus is on analyzing the effects of output voltages and pulse-width modulation, as well as examining the limitations of the modulation coefficient.

This article analyzes the role and significance of metrology in the conditions of a market economy, as well as its contribution to the formation of a fair trade environment and the обеспечения of healthy competition. Ensuring the uniformity of measurements, the reliability of measuring instruments, and the implementation of metrological traceability are substantiated as important factors in protecting consumer rights in trade processes. It is also shown that violations of metrological requirements in trade practice may lead to economic losses, a decrease in market confidence, and distortions of the competitive environment. The article highlights the importance of metrological control and verification in ensuring the stable functioning of market mechanisms and pays special attention to strengthening economic transparency by improving measurement accuracy in the trading system.

The article presents the results of a study of the mutual influence of components in an aqueous system, consisting of magnesium nitrate and a physiologically active substance, monoethanolammonium nitrate. A polythermal solubility diagram has been constructed, on which crystallization fields are delimited: ice, nine-, six-water magnesium nitrate and monoethanolammonium nitrate. It has been found that the components of this system in the studied temperature range, in the presence of joint presence, retain their individuality, and hence their physiological activity. The results obtained serve as a scientific basis for obtaining a liquid fertilizer of complex action.

This article examines the concept of the chronotope as a fundamental category in literary studies. Based on K. Karimov’s novel Zardusht, the study analyzes the representation of open space and its various types, as well as the specific features of the functioning of the road chronotope. Particular attention is paid to the semantic and functional role of the road chronotope in revealing the artistic and ideological content of the literary work.

Strategic innovation has emerged as a critical determinant of sustainable business development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Empirical and theoretical studies demonstrate that innovation-oriented strategies significantly enhance SMEs’ competitiveness, resilience, and long-term performance. This article analyzes the role of strategic innovation in fostering sustainable development within SMEs, drawing on established frameworks such as dynamic capabilities, open innovation, and sustainability-oriented innovation. Based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature and international policy reports, the study identifies mechanisms through which strategic innovation contributes to economic, environmental, and social sustainability in SMEs. The findings confirm that strategic alignment, absorptive capacity, stakeholder integration, and resource orchestration are central to sustainable growth outcomes.

This article provides an in-depth theoretical and practical analysis of decision-making mechanisms in educational institutions. The study examines the essence and significance of managerial decisions, their role in educational management, and the main stages of the decision-making process from a scientific perspective. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of administrative, collegial, and participatory decision-making mechanisms applied in educational institutions, highlighting their advantages and limitations through practical examples. In addition, the article emphasizes the growing importance of digital technologies and information systems in improving the quality, transparency, and effectiveness of managerial decisions. The findings of the study contribute to the improvement of decision-making processes in educational institutions, the development of managerial competencies of educational leaders, and the formation of a collaborative management culture in the context of modern educational reforms.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the biosafety system in the field of infectious diseases and especially dangerous infections in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main epidemiological risks associated with migration processes, climate change, and the activation of natural focal infections are examined. The organization of epidemiological surveillance, laboratory biosafety, personnel training systems, and infection control measures are analyzed. Based on the review of national regulatory and legal documents, international WHO recommendations, and scientific sources, key challenges and limitations are identified, and priority directions for further improvement of biosafety are defined. The study concludes that intersectoral cooperation, digitalization of epidemiological surveillance, and the expansion of the network of high-containment laboratories play a strategic role in strengthening the country’s epidemiological resilience

This article presents the historical aspects of the development and organization of neurosurgical care worldwide, neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, modern methods of neurosurgical treatment of brain tumors, a review of the effectiveness of modern methods for treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniations, and a differentiated approach to the treatment of neurosurgical patients. Quality of life and pain syndrome are assessed using questionnaires. Determining the effectiveness of surgical treatment and its impact on patients' quality of life.

The review article details the historical aspects of the development and organization of neurosurgical care worldwide, neurosurgical treatment of such a serious disease as trigeminal neuralgia, dynamic development of methods and techniques of conservative and surgical treatment. As well as modern methods of neurosurgical treatment of brain tumors, a kind of monitoring after surgical complications. An overview of the effectiveness of modern methods of treating intervertebral hernias of the lumbar spine is presented. Historical aspects of the development of neurosurgery, the main methods of surgical treatment. This publication presents the main methods of surgical treatment, characterizes the positive and negative aspects of each method. Differentiated approach to the treatment of neurosurgical patients. Assessment of quality of life and pain syndrome using questionnaires. Determination of the effectiveness of surgical treatment and the impact on the quality of life of patients.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the experience of European countries - specifically Germany, France, and the Netherlands - in the organizational and legal provision of crime prevention. The author conducts a comparative study of the legal foundations of preventive activities in each country, the mechanisms of cooperation between state and public institutions, and the methods of practical implementation. In the case of the Federal Republic of Germany, the article highlights the governance system at the federal, state, and local levels, the active participation of civil society institutions, and the priority of a socio-psychological approach in crime prevention. In the French Republic, it illuminates the practice of organizing preventive measures through local security councils, the cooperation between state and municipal bodies, and individualized work with various segments of the population. Using the example of the Netherlands, the three-tiered system of prevention - comprising primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention models - is analyzed.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the pedagogical and clinical effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI)–based adaptive and simulation-driven learning model in medical education. The study was designed using a quasi-experimental approach, incorporating a comparative evaluation with the traditional instructional model. Academic achievement, clinical decision-making accuracy, diagnostic error rates, and independent analytical skills were assessed as key outcome indicators. Statistical analysis demonstrated that AI integration significantly improved students’ academic performance and contributed to the development of clinical reasoning competencies. Virtual clinical simulations facilitated the formation of practical decision-making experience within a safe and controlled learning environment.

In this article, the essential oil of the plant capparis spinosa (Capparis spinosa L.), growing in the conditions of Karakalpakstan, was studied using the chemical gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GX–MS) method. The chemical composition of the essential oils of 2 samples (U and M) was determined in the studies. The basis of the aromatic profile is aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, as well as organosilicon compounds identified using the GX–MS method. The most important components were tetracosane (9.55–9.57%), pentacosane (9.16–9.24%), heptacosane (6.35–6.44%), and tritetetracontane (6.10%). As a result, 22 and 23 compounds were identified in the two samples, respectively, with a total percentage of 100%.

This article analyzes the role of cartoons in the development of emotional intelligence in children from psychological and pedagogical perspectives. Furthermore, it highlights the relevance of fostering socio-emotional competencies in the younger generation in light of recent Presidential decrees and strategic policy documents aimed at strengthening human capital and improving the education system. The theoretical foundations of emotional intelligence are examined based on the concepts proposed by P. Salovey, J. Mayer, D. Goleman, and L. Vygotsky. In particular, the study explores how cartoons contribute to the development of emotional awareness, emotional regulation, empathy, and social skills in children. As a result, it is concluded that when applied within a scientifically grounded framework and under conscious parental and pedagogical guidance, cartoons can serve as an effective tool for promoting children’s emotional maturity and holistic development.

This article investigates English lexical borrowing in Korean and Karakalpak, examining its historical development, sociolinguistic motivations, and linguistic adaptation mechanisms. Grounded in language contact theory and borrowing typology, the study compares how English loanwords have entered and integrated into two typologically distinct languages under different sociopolitical conditions. In Korean, English borrowing has largely occurred through direct contact, particularly following U.S. influence after 1945, and has intensified in the era of globalization, digital media, and popular culture, giving rise to hybrid formations known as Konglish. In contrast, English-derived vocabulary in Karakalpak historically entered predominantly through Russian mediation during the Soviet period, while the post-independence era has seen increasing direct borrowing associated with market economy reforms and technological advancement.

Euphemisms constitute a universal linguistic phenomenon present across all known languages and cultures, serving as essential communicative tools that facilitate social interaction while maintaining politeness and avoiding offense. This article examines the theoretical foundations of euphemisms, exploring their origins, definitions, primary functions, and linguistic features. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from linguistics, cognitive science, and sociolinguistics, the study demonstrates that euphemisms are not merely stylistic alternatives but complex linguistic mechanisms deeply embedded in cultural values and social norms. The article analyzes the classification systems proposed by various scholars, discusses the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical devices employed in euphemism formation, and explores the dynamic nature of euphemistic expressions through the concept of the "euphemism treadmill." By establishing a comprehensive theoretical framework, this article lays the groundwork for comparative cross-linguistic analysis of euphemistic phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages