Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains the most problematic complication of pancreatic surgery, occurring in 10–30% of resections and accounting for up to 60% of severe morbidity and two-thirds of total treatment costs. The 2005 ISGPF classification introduced a three-tier grading system (A, B, C), but Grade A—lacking clinical impact—artificially inflated fistula rates and reduced inter-rater reliability. The 2016 ISGPS revision reclassified Grade A as “biochemical leak,” redefining Grades B and C using objective thresholds (drainage >3 weeks, need for intervention, organ failure, reoperation, or death). This review compares the 2005 and 2016 definitions across 37,259 patients from 38 centers. The 2016 update halved the crude POPF rate (28.0% → 14.1%) without changing the incidence of clinically relevant POPF (11.0%).

This study aims to identify external factors affecting the prevalence of dental caries in school-age children. According to epidemiological observations conducted among 420 students aged 6-15 years in secondary schools of Fergana city, the main risk factors for the prevalence of caries were the consumption of sugary products, unhealthy diet, improper use of dental hygiene products, environmental factors, socio-economic status, and dental culture of parents. The results of the study indicate the need to improve school hygiene, preventive dentistry, and programs aimed at a healthy lifestyle.

Myasthenia gravis is considered an autoimmune disease of the respiratory tract and muscle weakness of the body associated with the formation of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChR) or related proteins (MuSK, lrp4, etc.) in the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. Inflammatory and immunological mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of MG; this article analyzes specifically inflammatory cellular processes, cytokines, and plasma mediators. It is known that the development of myasthenia gravis is not a full-fledged autoimmune disease, and the involvement of various cytokines in the pathogenesis has shown that the inflammatory process is at the heart of the disease

The leading role of ovarian steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids is confirmed by a number of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies. It is possible to develop new approaches to the treatment of this disease based on the biological and genetic mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of leiomyoma. The use of ulipristal acetate in patients with uterine fibroids is promising not only for preparing them for surgery, but also for avoiding surgical treatment and associated hypoestrogenic conditions, thereby improving the quality of life for women.

This article analyzes the effectiveness of comprehensive programs aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle among healthcare workers. It provides a scientifically substantiated analysis of the role of nutritional culture, increased physical activity, stress management, and psychological support in reducing the risk of occupational fatigue, overweight, obesity, mental stress, and chronic diseases. Statistical data based on research by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is presented. The study results demonstrate that creating a preventative environment for healthcare workers also contributes to improved organizational performance [2, 6].

Dysentery remains a significant public health issue among children in developing countries, particularly when complicated by intestinal bleeding. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics, severity, and outcomes of dysentery cases complicated with intestinal hemorrhage in pediatric patients. A total of 138 children aged from 1 to 12 years were observed at the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases between 2023 and 2025. Data were collected retrospectively from clinical records, including patient age, sex, severity of disease, laboratory findings, duration of hospitalization, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 28.0, with p-values below 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results demonstrated that 62.3% of patients presented with moderate disease, while 21.7% had severe dysentery accompanied by visible rectal bleeding.

Urolithiasis is one of the most common diseases in uronephrology, it occurs in more than 3% of the world's population. Urolithiasis has become more common among children over the past few decades. Studies have shown that the number of urinary stones has increased fivefold in the last decade, partly because more accurate diagnostic methods have emerged.

This study analyzes the features of intensive therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) complicated by severe pneumonia and post-infectious syndromes. The research evaluates the frequency of complications, the dynamics of clinical and laboratory indicators, and the impact of post-infectious syndromes on disease severity and outcomes. The findings indicate that comprehensive intensive therapy, including anticoagulant, antibacterial, and supportive treatment, reduces the risk of adverse outcomes; however, patients with pronounced post-infectious organ dysfunction remain at high risk of complications.

The global decline in the incidence rate of meningococcal infection, which is observed in the last decade, does not exclude the possibility of new outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. The previous pandemic of meningococcal infection in the world was noted in the 70s. last century, when the incidence rate reached 16-17 people per 100 thousand people. Epidemics of meningococcal infection occur unexpectedly and still cannot be predicted. Currently, MI cases are recorded in more than 150 countries of the world, and Uzbekistan is one of them. The article presents long-term observations (analysis of the age structure of the incidence of meningococcal infection, a monthly analysis of the incidence in the city of Tashkent) and some epidemiological features of meningococcal infection in the world and in Uzbekistan.

The growing incidence of colorectal cancer and other coloproctological conditions necessitates a revision of current healthcare delivery models. In Uzbekistan, fragmentation between outpatient and inpatient care persists, reducing the efficiency of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. This article presents a conceptual framework for an integrated ambulatory-inpatient care model, developed based on international practices and national context. Core components of the model include a unified electronic medical record (EMR), digital patient routing, remote monitoring, and multidisciplinary coordination. Implementation of the model is expected to improve continuity of care, reduce time to diagnosis and treatment, lower emergency admissions and rehospitalizations, and enable real-time analytics for quality assessment.

The article considers the basics of the physicochemical technology of obtaining simple phosphorus fertilizers from azneic phosphorites, which is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of the growing demand for phosphorus for agriculture. We analyze the chemical composition and mineralogy of azneic phosphorites, the main stages of the technological process, including the preparation of raw materials, refining and conversion into phosphorus compounds

Acute adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is characterized by a high rate of postoperative complications and mortality, largely due to severe immunological disturbances and a systemic inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the developed clinically and immunologically based treatment and diagnostic algorithm and immunocorrective therapy in patients with ASBO.  A comparative analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted for 115 patients divided into control and study groups. It was found that the use of an algorithm that takes into account immune stratification significantly reduced the incidence of grade III–V postoperative complications, shortened the length of hospital stay, and reduced mortality by 3.3 times. Immunocorrective therapy contributed to the normalization of cellular and humoral immunity parameters and accelerated clinical recovery. The obtained data confirm the feasibility of integrating immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy into the comprehensive treatment of acute adhesive small bowel obstruction.

This article presents principles of comprehensive rehabilitation for patients who have undergone extensive surgery for maxillofacial tumors. The stages of rehabilitation are described: from preoperative preparation of the oral cavity and muscles to early postoperative care and long-term dental rehabilitation. Special attention is paid to prosthetic treatment – use of obturator prostheses for maxillary defects, resection dentures, and implants – to restore masticatory function and speech. Schemes illustrating rehabilitation steps and grouping of patients by defect type are provided. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized: involvement of the surgeon, prosthodontist, physiotherapist, speech therapist, etc. The conclusions highlight the need to begin rehabilitation measures as early as possible and to continue them sequentially to achieve optimal functional recovery and quality of life.

The article addresses modern principles of surgical treatment of malignant tumors of the maxillofacial region, emphasizing comprehensive and personalized approaches. Combined modality treatments – surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy – are discussed as the foundation of a comprehensive approach. Personalized technologies are reviewed: use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, intraoperative navigation, CAD/CAM reconstruction of defects, targeted therapy and immunotherapy – which allow tailoring treatment to the tumor and patient characteristics. Algorithms for selecting the extent of surgery depending on tumor stage are provided, along with examples of innovative techniques (Mohs micrographic surgery, robot-assisted operations, etc.). The conclusion emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to improve outcomes and rehabilitation in this patient population.

This study aimed to assess the levels of depression and anxiety in reproductive-aged women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Assessment tools included the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 questionnaires. A total of 96 women participated in the study. The results showed that 80.2% of participants exhibited symptoms of depression according to PHQ-9, while 78.1% had anxiety symptoms according to GAD-7. Additionally, a trend was observed in which longer duration of POI was associated with higher levels of psychological distress. These findings highlight the clinical significance of mental health issues in women with POI. The effective application of screening tools can aid in early detection of emotional disturbances and support the implementation of a comprehensive care approach.

Partial edentia remains one of the most common dental pathologies, significantly affecting chewing function, aesthetics, and quality of life for patients. Removable partial dentures are widely used in clinical practice due to their relative affordability and versatility. The aim of this study was to clinically and functionally evaluate the effectiveness of removable partial dentures in patients with partial edentia. The study utilized clinical, functional, and sociological research methods. It was found that the use of rationally designed removable partial dentures significantly improves chewing efficiency, masticatory function, and patient quality of life.

Flat feet (pes planus) remains one of the most discussed and common problems in pediatric orthopedics. Despite its high prevalence, the medical community remains debating the boundaries between normal physiology and a pathological condition requiring correction. The study analyzed scientific literature published between 2001 and 2025. Research conducted in 2025 showed that young people with flexible flat feet exhibit significant functional deficits compared to the control group. Flat feet in children and adolescents is a heterogeneous condition requiring a differentiated approach. Mobile, asymptomatic flat feet in young children should be considered a stage of physiological development that does not require aggressive correction. However, the presence of risk factors (obesity, hypermobility) and the persistence of the deformity into adolescence require active intervention.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a chronic renal pathology, classified into steroid sensitive (SSNS) or steroid resistant (SRNS) groups based on response to corticosteroids. Treatment of choice in pediatric NS is always corticosteroid. Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in paediatric patients may account for 20 to 30 % of total NS cases and it is significant concern for paediatricians. Steroid resistant cases are difficult to treat and have higher risk of development of end stage renal disease. A case control study was conducted among 48 children suffering from nephrotic syndrome, aged 2–12 years. Among them, 36 patient showed sensitivity to steroid treatment and 12 showed resistance.  Haematological markers (haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC count) and biochemical markers (albumin, proteinuria , urea , creatinine) were compared. 

At the same time, the proportion of cholelithiasis in children with an upward trend is increasing.In the structure of the pathology of the biliary tract, there is a significant increase in both dysfunctional disorders and diseases of an metabolic-inflammatory nature (1). A certain role in the formation of the pathology of the biliary tract is played by congenital anomalies of the gallbladder and biliary tract.The studies carried out indicate the frequency of lesions of the biliary tract in school-age children. Comparative analysis of the data obtained in a comprehensive study allows differentiating the pathology of the biliary tract, but with a clinical manifestation, and also confirms the informative value of X-ray and ultrasound studies to clarify the diagnosis.

This paper carried out a quantitative analysis of the free amino acids contained in the dry extract isolated from the native Triticum aestivum plant. The study was conducted using the highly efficient liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. According to the results obtained, it was found that dry extract contains non-exchangeable amino acids. It has also been found that among the amino acids studied, aspargin and glutamic acids are in the highest amounts.

This article discusses strategies fore early diagnosis and effective treatment of hip (dysplasia and dislocations) and early childhood. Hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic problem ind childhood, which, if not derected early, can lead to disability. The study analyzes the available diagnostic metods-physical examination, ultrasound and radiogical metods and compares their effectiveness. The results of conservative and suegical treatment methods are recommended depending on age, degree of dislocation and stage of pathology. The article provides best practices, clinical recommendational experience.

Activated carbon is extensively utilized in pharmaceutical practice as an enterosorbent due to its high adsorption efficiency and chemical inertness. This study aimed to comparatively assess several industrial activated carbon samples to evaluate their suitability for therapeutic enterosorption. Prior to characterization, all samples were subjected to standard laboratory purification protocols. Critical physicochemical properties, including ash content, bulk density, and pH of aqueous extracts, were measured following pharmacopeial and standardized procedures. The analysis revealed that only the AU-K sample met the regulatory criteria for medical-grade activated carbon, particularly in terms of ash content and pH. Other samples demonstrated elevated levels of mineral impurities, which could compromise both sorption performance and biological safety. These results underscore the necessity of comprehensive physicochemical evaluation when selecting activated carbon for pharmaceutical applications.

Paracetamol-induced hepatitis remains one of the most common models of toxic liver injury used for studying hepatoprotective agents. Excessive or prolonged intake of paracetamol leads to the formation of toxic metabolites that initiate oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocyte necrosis. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to natural hepatoprotectors with antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing properties, among which silymarin occupies a special place. The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin in paracetamol-induced hepatitis and to analyze the main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying its protective action. The study was conducted using an experimental model of toxic liver injury induced by paracetamol administration. Biochemical markers of liver function, oxidative stress indicators, and morphological changes in hepatic tissue were assessed. The results demonstrated that paracetamol-induced hepatitis was accompanied by a significant increase in serum aminotransferases, bilirubin levels, and oxidative stress markers, indicating severe hepatocellular damage. Administration of silymarin led to a pronounced reduction in cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, normalization of antioxidant defense parameters, and partial restoration of liver structure. These effects confirm the multifactorial hepatoprotective action of silymarin, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and membrane-stabilizing mechanisms. The findings support the feasibility of using silymarin as a pathogenetically justified agent in the prevention and treatment of drug-induced liver injury.

Dolichosigmoid (elongation of the sigmoid colon) is frequently identified in children with chronic constipation and is among the most common anatomical findings on contrast studies of the large bowel. However, the clinical significance of dolichosigmoid is heterogeneous: in some patients it represents an anatomical variant of normal, whereas in others it is associated with impaired colonic transit, fecal impaction, megarectum/megasigmoid, and episodes of subobstruction. The key clinical challenge is not only to describe the anatomy, but also to determine the predominant pathophysiological mechanism of constipation (withholding behavior and painful defecation, slow-transit constipation, evacuation dysfunction/pelvic floor dyssynergia) and to exclude organic causes (Hirschsprung disease, among others). This review systematizes contemporary diagnostic approaches, criteria for refractoriness, and a stepwise “ladder” of conservative and interventional management (including polyethylene glycol as first-line therapy and the role of newer secretagogues), as well as the indications and limitations of surgical correction. The evidence indicates that dolichosigmoid should not be automatically regarded as an indication for surgery; surgical management is justified in the presence of complications (including sigmoid volvulus) or in documented refractoriness to optimal comprehensive therapy with objectively confirmed transit impairment and/or decompensation of rectal reservoir function.

This article presents the experience of organizing specialized departments that ensure patient safety and the quality of medical care in accordance with international accreditation requirements, using the National Children’s Medical Center as an example. According to the presented data, the system implemented at the center based on the international standards of JCI (Joint Commission International) plays a significant role in improving the quality of medical services, ensuring patient safety, and enhancing the effectiveness of clinical governance. The article analyzes the stages of establishing these departments, their functional responsibilities, and practical outcomes, and also provides recommendations for other healthcare institutions

Inflammation of the salivary glands, especially maxillary sialoadenitis, is a common complication due to immune disorders and metabolic dysregulation in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study assesses the rehabilitation results of 42 diabetic patients with maxillary sialadenitis who were treated at Samarkand State Medical University from 2020 to 2024. Patients underwent individual rehabilitation, including physiotherapy, gland-stimulating massage, local anti-inflammatory drugs, and strict glycemic control. Functional recovery, symptom reduction, and patient satisfaction were assessed. The results showed that adapted rehabilitation protocols significantly improved salivation, reduced pain and edema, and improved quality of life. The research results emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary and personalized rehabilitation strategies for diabetic patients with sialoadenitis.

In this article, morphofunctional changes observed in the salivary glands during thyroid dysfunction, their clinical course, and pathogenetic mechanisms were scientifically analyzed. During the study, disorders of saliva secretion against the background of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, dystrophic changes in the tubular epithelium, fibrous processes in the parenchyma of the salivary glands, and microangiopathic lesions were noted, which led to a decrease in the protective function of the oral cavity and the development of such diseases as xerostomia, sialoadenitis, and sialoangioektazia. Clinical observations showed that in patients with thyroid diseases, salivary gland dysfunction occurs in 62-78% of cases, with a sharp decrease in secretion in hypothyroidism and an increase in inflammatory processes in hyperthyroidism. The article also emphasized the importance of an integrated approach to ultrasound, sialometry, and hormonal tests in diagnosis. As a rehabilitation approach, the normalization of the endocrine state, physiotherapeutic procedures, antioxidant therapy, and gland-stimulating methods were recognized as effective. The research results confirm the need for early detection and complex treatment of salivary gland dysfunction associated with thyroid diseases.

Adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors of the salivary glands and often requires radical surgical removal, which leads to functional and aesthetic defects of the maxillofacial region. In this study, the reconstructive results of 32 patients treated at Samarkand State Medical University in 2020-2024 were analyzed. Based on the restoration of postoperative volume, facial symmetry, the degree of complications, and patient satisfaction, various reconstruction methods were evaluated - including a sternocleidomastoid muscle flap, a SMAS flap, reconstruction of the buccal fat layer, and autologous fat transplantation. The results showed that the SCM and SMAS valves gave the most stable and aesthetically pleasing results, while autologous oil welding showed moderate resorption over time. Reconstruction of the fat layer of the cheek ensured reliable restoration of the contour with minimal disease. The research results emphasize the importance of individual reconstructive planning to optimize the quality of life after surgery for patients who have undergone radical surgery on the parotid gland.

Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is a stage-progressive multisystem disease characterized by vasospastic vascular reactions and progressive generalized vasculopathy accompanied by ischemic disorders. Capillaroscopic changes play an important diagnostic role in systemic scleroderma. This article is devoted to the study of diagnostic aspects of SSc, including a detailed description of the methodology and interpretation of capillaroscopy findings.

Inflammatory and immune-mediated lesions of the peripheral nerve plexuses—plexitides, in particular brachial plexitis or neuralgic amyotrophy (Parsonage–Turner syndrome)—are rare in children but represent a clinically significant condition. The disease usually begins with sudden, severe pain in the shoulder girdle and within a short time leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and limitation of motor function. If the diagnosis is incorrect or delayed, the child’s daily activities and quality of life are markedly impaired, and the rehabilitation period may last for many months or even years.

Neoplastic diseases of the colon, especially colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, are among the most urgent problems of contemporary oncology. Worldwide, colorectal cancer ranks among the leading causes of tumor-related mortality and leads to loss of working capacity, disability, and a substantial potential economic burden. Although the development of screening programs, endoscopic technologies and modern imaging modalities has improved early diagnosis, in clinical practice a large proportion of patients are still detected at advanced stages. From this perspective, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) plays an invaluable role in the early detection and correct staging of colonic neoplastic diseases, as well as in the assessment of factors that influence surgical and combined treatment tactics.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations, methodological approaches and practical effectiveness of sensorimotor technologies in the correction of dysarthria speech defects observed in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The main factors associated with speech motor disorders, limitations in the functioning of the articulation apparatus, and their impact on the communicative development of children are scientifically substantiated within the framework of the study. In the course of the experimental study, a system of corrective exercises based on sensorimotor approaches was developed, and their effect on articulatory accuracy, phonatory stability, speech rhythm, and general motor coordination of children with dysarthria was evaluated. The results obtained show that the systematic and gradual use of sensorimotor technologies improves the functional state of the articulation muscles, increases the coherence of speech movements, and contributes to the sustainable development of speech motor skills

Phytotherapy remains a promising field of modern medicine due to its accessibility, safety, and broad spectrum of biological activity. The present study examines the pharmacological potential of two medicinal plants—anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The botanical characteristics, chemical composition, and therapeutic properties of these plants were analyzed based on experimental and literature data. The results demonstrate that both plants possess pronounced anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, expectorant, detoxifying, and regenerative effects. Their biologically active compounds contribute to the regulation of metabolic and physiological processes, strengthening of the immune system, and restoration of cellular functions. The findings confirm the high therapeutic value of anise hyssop and licorice and support their use in complex therapy and preventive phytomedicine.

This article analyzes the key principles of the clinical-pharmacological approach, including individualization of therapy, consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs, and assessment of the risk of adverse drug reactions.

At the same time, the proportion of cholelithiasis in children with an upward trend is increasing.In the structure of the pathology of the biliary tract, there is a significant increase in both dysfunctional disorders and diseases of an metabolic-inflammatory nature (1). A certain role in the formation of the pathology of the biliary tract is played by congenital anomalies of the gallbladder and biliary tract.The studies carried out indicate the frequency of lesions of the biliary tract in school-age children. Comparative analysis of the data obtained in a comprehensive study allows differentiating the pathology of the biliary tract, but with a clinical manifestation, and also confirms the informative value of X-ray and ultrasound studies to clarify the diagnosis.

Rickets remains a significant public health concern worldwide. The treatment and management of this condition must take into account both its clinical type and underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Each form of rickets requires an individualized therapeutic approach, including tailored treatment strategies, monitoring protocols, and follow-up, based on the specific clinical presentation. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence on the treatment and management of various types of rickets in accordance with the latest guidelines and relevant scientific literature.

In this article, we will consider the effects of flat feet on the child's body from infancy to walking, as well as brief comments on its causes and treatment

Diminished ovarian reserve is a major cause of infertility in women of late reproductive age. However, reproductive outcomes depend not only on ovarian function but also on endometrial receptivity, which plays a crucial role in embryo implantation.

This article summarizes radiological findings obtained four months after a one-stage dental implantation performed with Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin (A-PRF). The osseointegration process and radiographic signs of bone regeneration at the surgical site are described, along with a brief discussion of growth-factor–mediated mechanisms

The article presents research data on the problems of school medicine. An assessment of the health status of schoolchildren over the past five years is given. There is an increase in the number of children with chronic diseases. The main place in the structure of morbidity among school-age children belongs to diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the organ of vision