Общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda yashil texnologiyalar va qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarining ekologik muammolarni bartaraf etishdagi roli tahlil qilinadi. Birinchi bo‘limda quyosh, shamol, suv (gidro) va biomassa kabi qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari ta’riflanib, ularning atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishdagi afzalliklari va global ahamiyati bayon etiladi. Maqolaning  asosiy qismida O‘zbekistonda amalga oshirilayotgan yirik yashil energetika va  chiqindilardan elektr hosil qilish loyihalari  ko‘rib chiqiladi. Qiyinchiliklar va ularning yechimlari tahlil qilinib, ilg‘or texnologiyalar va xalqaro hamkorlik orqali masalalar yengilishi ko‘rsatiladi. Xulosa qismida qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarini kengaytirish O‘zbekistonning energiya xavfsizligini ta’minlash va atrof-muhitni himoya qilishdagi muhim vosita ekani alohida ta’kidlanadi.

Ushbu maqolada demografik jarayonlar evolyutsiyasiga turli falsafiy yoʻnalishlar tomonidan berilgan baholar tizimli tahlil qilinadi. Qadimgi Sharq va Antik falsafada aholining koʻpayishi va ijtimoiy barqarorlik oʻrtasidagi bogʻliqlik, Oʻrta asr diniy tafakkurida demografiya va ilohiy tartib munosabatlari, Uygʻonish davri faylasuflarida aholi oʻsishining iqtisodiy hamda siyosiy omillar bilan aloqadorligi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, klassik maltuzianizmning demografik nazariyadagi oʻrni va unga bildirilgan tanqidiy qarashlar, XIX–XX asrlardagi pozitivistik va globalistik yondashuvlar orqali demografik jarayonlarning ilmiy falsafiy talqinlari ochib beriladi.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada markaziy asab tizimining organik jarohatlanishi natijasida yuzaga keluvchi murakkab nutq nuqsoni – dizartriyani bartaraf etishda tizimli yondashuv masalalari chuqur tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotning asosiy e’tibori logopedik korreksiya jarayonini an’anaviy "mutaxassis-bola" formatidan chiqarib, oila institutining barcha imkoniyatlarini safarbar etgan holda "Logoped – Oila – Jamiyat" yaxlit ijtimoiy-pedagogik klasterini shakllantirishga qaratilgan.

The article examines the linguistic phenomena related to the modification of phonemes and explores their role within comparative phonetics and comparative phonology. It provides an in-depth analysis of how phonemes change their quality and quantity under the influence of phonetic environment, stress, position, and assimilation processes in different languages. Special attention is given to major types of phoneme modification—such as assimilation, dissimilation, reduction, elision, and accommodation—and how these processes affect the pronunciation norms and sound patterns of world languages. Within the framework of comparative phonetics, the article discusses the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of sounds across languages and highlights cross-linguistic similarities and differences in consonant and vowel systems. It outlines how languages exhibit diverse patterns of voicing, aspiration, vowel length, diphthongization, and stress placement, showing how phonetic comparison helps identify universal features of human speech as well as language-specific tendencies. Through comparative analysis of phonological systems, the study demonstrates how languages  contrast sounds differently, how phonological oppositions are maintained or neutralized, and how sound patterns reflect deeper typological relationships.

This article examines the role, structure, and usage of compound sentences in the English language. Compound sentences, formed by joining two or more independent clauses using coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or punctuation marks, are essential for expressing complex ideas clearly and coherently. The article provides a detailed analysis of the types of compound sentences, including additive, adversative, causal, and alternative structures, highlighting their function in showing addition, contrast, cause-effect relationships, and choices. It also discusses the proper grammatical construction of compound sentences and common errors made by learners, such as comma splices and run-on sentences. The article emphasizes the importance of compound sentences for maintaining clarity, coherence, and variety in both spoken and written English.

This article offers a clear and accessible overview of one-member and two-member sentences, presenting the core structural principles that shape modern syntactic analysis. The discussion highlights how these sentence types function, why they matter in communication, and how they support linguistic competence for learners and researchers. With simple language, precise definitions, and well-selected examples, the text delivers immediate clarity while maintaining strong academic value.

This article provides an in-depth exploration of nouns in the English language, focusing on their structural forms, semantic classifications, and syntactic functions. It covers simple, derivative, and compound nouns, as well as full noun phrases, providing examples for each. The semantic discussion includes proper and common nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, animate and inanimate nouns, and collective nouns. Grammatical categories such as number, gender, and case are explained, with illustrative examples. The article also examines the syntactic roles of nouns, including subjects, objects, complements, and appositive elements. By integrating insights from cognitive, corpus, and discourse linguistics, it emphasizes the noun's importance in structuring meaning and facilitating communication in English.

This article explores the interaction between phonetics and morphology in the English language, focusing on how sound patterns influence morphological processes and how morphological structures affect phonetic realization. Phonetic features such as stress, assimilation, vowel reduction, and allomorphy play a significant role in shaping the forms of English morphemes. At the same time, the complexity and productivity of English morphology often determine the way sounds are produced, especially in affixation, compounding, and inflection. Understanding these interactions is essential for linguists, teachers, and learners, as they reveal how pronunciation and word formation operate together rather than separately. The study concludes that phonetics and morphology function interdependently, forming a dynamic system in which sound and structure continuously influence each other.

This article examines the tense and aspect systems of English and Uzbek, focusing on their structural, functional, and pragmatic differences. English employs auxiliary verbs and periphrastic constructions to express twelve distinct tense–aspect forms, whereas Uzbek utilizes morphological suffixes and auxiliary verbs to convey tense, aspect, evidentiality, and modality within a compact system. The study emphasizes the practical implications of these differences for language teaching, translation, and second language acquisition.

This article explores contemporary approaches to English morphology with a particular focus on the theory of parts of speech in modern linguistic study. It examines how structural, semantic, and functional frameworks classify English word classes, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The discussion emphasizes the role of morphological markers, syntactic distribution, and semantic properties in defining major and minor parts of speech. Attention is also given to how modern linguistics integrates cognitive and usage-based perspectives to explain word-class flexibility, category shifts, and borderline cases. By synthesizing traditional and modern viewpoints, the article provides a comprehensive overview of how English morphology contributes to understanding grammatical structure, lexical organization, and the dynamic nature of word classification in contemporary English.

This article provides a comprehensive examination of adverbs within contemporary linguistic theory, focusing on their structural, semantic, and functional properties. It explores the classification of adverbs as a heterogeneous grammatical category and analyzes the theoretical foundations underlying their morphological and syntactic behavior. Special attention is given to the major grammatical categories of adverbs, including degree, modality, aspect, emphasis, and negation, as well as their role in clause structure and discourse organization. The study synthesizes perspectives from traditional, structural, and generative grammars, offering a detailed overview of how adverbs function within the broader system of English grammar. The article is intended for students and researchers seeking a deeper understanding of adverbial theory and its significance in linguistic description and analysis.

Syntax forms the core of grammatical organization in any language, providing the rules that govern how words combine to create meaningful structures. This article offers an overview of the foundational concepts of syntax, introducing major and minor syntactic approaches including structural, cognitive, and semantic perspectives. It examines the main categories of syntax—phrases and sentences—highlighting their roles in shaping linguistic meaning and grammatical relations. Special attention is given to phrase theory, its definition, and the classification of phrase types such as coordinate, subordinate, and predicative phrases. The article also discusses the problematic cases of mixed or transitional phrase types, emphasizing the complexity and flexibility of syntactic structures. Through this analysis, the study presents a clear and comprehensive understanding of how contemporary linguistics interprets the structure and function of phrases and sentences.

Language is shaped not only by vocabulary and grammar but also by the phonetic features that determine how words are produced and understood. Among these features, stress and syllable structure play a central role in shaping the rhythm, clarity, and overall intelligibility of spoken English. This article explores the functional importance of stress patterns and syllable organization, demonstrating how they influence pronunciation, meaning, and speech perception. By examining the interaction between stress placement, syllable division, and phonetic transcription, the study highlights the crucial role these elements play in effective communication and language learning.

The article examines the syntactic nature, structural organization, and functional roles of composite sentences in modern English. It provides a systematic overview of complex sentence components, including main and subordinate clauses, their syntactic relations, and the mechanisms that govern subordination and coordination. Special attention is given to the classification of complex sentences, the hierarchical arrangement of clauses, and the semantic-pragmatic functions that arise from their structural patterns. The article highlights how composite sentences contribute to clarity, coherence, and stylistic variation in both spoken and written discourse. The findings aim to support students, teachers, and researchers in understanding the rules and principles that underpin complex sentence construction and usage.

Bugungi kunga shukronalar bo‘lsinki, har sohaga qarasak ayol qizlar qadami yetgan, nafosati va iffatini saqlagan holda erkaklar bilan teng faoliyat olib bormoqdalar. Bu quvonarli, albatta. Lekin, tarixga, atigi 100 yil ortga nazar tashlasak qizlar tugul yigitlar ta’limiga ham qattiq qarshiliklar bo‘lgan. Buni biz jadidlarning katta mehnati singgan “yetmishvoylar” taqdirida ham ko‘rishimiz mumkin. Ta’lim uchun tirishgan, Berlinga borib bilim olgan o‘sha 70 talaba o‘zlarining jonkuyarlaridan bir necha kun o‘tib qaro yer bilan yuzlashganlar. Ya’ni 1938-yil oktabr oyida og‘ir ayblovlar bilan otib tashlanganlar. Ular xalq uchun, millat farzandlarining kelajagi, yurtning istiqboli uchun ilm oldilar va hatto ular orasidagi qizlar tug‘ishdan, ona bo‘lishdan ko‘ra yuksakroq o‘qishni tanladilar ana shu sharafli yo‘lda jon beradilar. Shunda bir savol tug‘iladi: “Biz nega o‘qiyapmiz?” Ana shu savol meni tun-u kun o‘ylantiryapti. Hozir qaysi oilaga boqmang, talabalik baxtiga erishgan farzandi kamida bittadan bor. Bu hozirgi zamon yoshlarining bilimga ishtiyoqi kattaligidanmi yoki odamlar orasidagi mavqeyini ko‘tarish uchun harakatmi?

This article provides an expanded analysis of the role of science and innovation in the socio-economic and technological development of modern society. It highlights how scientific-practical conferences have become an essential platform for sharing knowledge, strengthening academic collaboration, supporting young researchers, and promoting the practical application of scientific findings. Focusing on ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan, the paper discusses the development of an innovation-friendly ecosystem, government support for scientific research, the modernization of educational institutions, and the introduction of STEAM-based learning. Furthermore, it explores how advanced technologies transform various sectors and emphasizes the strategic importance of fostering scientific potential for national progress.

Ushbu maqolada Farg‘ona vodiysi hududida islomga kelishdan oldingi davrlarda amalda bo‘lgan diniy e’tiqodlar, mahalliy urf-odatlar, animistik va shamanistik tizimlar hamda — keng miqyosda — eroniy va markaziy Osiyoga xos dinlar: Zaratushtiylik, Manixiylik, Buddizm, shuningdek boshqa mahalliy kultlar (totemizm, suv- va tabiatga sig‘inish, ruhlar kultlari) tahlil qilinadi. Arxeologik topilmalar, etnografik tadqiqotlar hamda tarixiy manbalar asosida Farg‘ona vodiysidagi dinlar mozaikasi va ularning ijtimoiy hamda madaniy hayotga ta’siri ko‘rsatib beriladi. Natijalar shuni bildiradiki, vodiyning pre-islom diniy manzara ancha xilma-xil bo‘lgan, va bu xilma-xillik, ijtimoiy hamda madaniy integratsiyani shakllantirishda muhim rol o‘ynagan.

Mazkur maqolada talabalarning kasbiy kommunikativ ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda tizimli yondashuvning nazariy asoslari, uning tamoyillari va amaliy tatbiqi yoritilgan. Shuningdek, o‘quv jarayonida tizimli yondashuv orqali kasbiy kommunikativ kompetensiyalarni shakllantirish texnologiyalari tahlil qilinadi. Tajriba natijalariga tayangan holda amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Ushbu maqola oliy ta’lim tizimida kommunikativ tayyorgarlik samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan.

Maqolada milliy bayramimiz Navro‘ va u bilan bog‘liq sumalak sayli, sumalakning shifobaxsh xususiyatlari haqida so‘z yuritiladi.

Kambag‘allik konsepti tilda moddiy va ma’naviy tushuncha sifatida o‘z ifodasini topadi. Moddiy kambag‘allik ko‘pincha resurslar, daromad va yashash sharoitlari bilan bog‘liq bo‘lsa, ma’naviy kambag‘allik insonning ruhiy, axloqiy va ijtimoiy qashshoqligini aks ettiradi. Ushbu ikki tushuncha tilda turli metafora, tasvirlar va ifodalash vositalari orqali verbalizatsiya qilinadi. Moddiy kambag‘allikni ifodalashda real hayotdagi qiyinchiliklar, zaruratlar va to‘siqlar tasvirlanadi, ma’naviy kambag‘allik esa insonning ichki dunyosidagi bo‘shliqlar, g‘am-tashvishlar va qadriyatlar yo‘qligi sifatida ko‘rinadi. Shunday qilib, tilda kambag‘allik konseptining verbalizatsiyasi, nafaqat uning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy jihatlarini, balki uning shaxsiy, ma’naviy holatlarni ifodalashdagi murakkabligini ham ochib beradi. Kambag‘allik konsepti ham moddiy va ma’naviy tushuncha sifatida bir necha manbalarda turlicha shakllarda o‘z aksini topganiga guvohi bo‘lishimiz mumkin.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida axborot-psixologik tahdidlarga qarshi kurashishning huquqiy, tashkiliy va strategik asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Davlat siyosatining shakllanish bosqichlari, milliy xavfsizlik tizimidagi axborot xavfsizligi o‘rni hamda xalqaro standartlarga mos ravishda amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar keng yoritilgan.

Mazkur maqolada XIX asrda Germaniya (Prussiya) va Usmonli imperiyasi o‘rtasidagi harbiy-tashkiliy hamkorlikning shakllanishi, rivojlanishi va mazmuni tahlil qilinadi. Usmonli davlatining harbiy islohotlarga ehtiyoji, Germaniyaning Sharqdagi geosiyosiy manfaatlari, shuningdek prussiyalik harbiy mutaxassislarning ta’lim va armiyani qayta tashkil etish jarayonidagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Tadqiqot shuni ko‘rsatadiki, Germaniya XIX asrda Usmonli armiyasining modernizatsiyasida asosiy tashqi hamkorlardan biriga aylangan va uning harbiy boshqaruv tizimi hamda strategik tayyorgarligiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatgan.

Ushbu tezisda Sovet hokimiyatining 1920–1950-yillar davomida olib borgan dahriylik siyosati, dinni jamiyatdan siqib chiqarish, diniy ta'limotlarga qarshi targ‘ibot olib borish va dindorlarni qatag‘on qilish jarayonlari ilmiy tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda O‘zbekiston hududida masjidlarning yopilishi, ulamolarning ta'qib qilinishi, diniy adabiyotlarning taqiqlanishi hamda ateizm siyosatining ijtimoiy-madaniy oqibatlari o‘rganiladi. Ushbu ish Sovet davridagi ateistik mafkuraning xalq ma’naviyatiga ta'siri hamda diniy merosning yo‘qotilish xavfi to‘g‘risida xulosalarni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Мақолада ҳимоя ордери институтининг ҳуқуқий табиати, унинг маиший зўравонликка қарши курашишдаги аҳамияти, Ўзбекистондаги амалиёт самарадорлиги ва халқаро стандартлар билан таққослаши ёритилади. Ҳимоя ордерининг жорий этилиши ижобий натижалар бергани, амалиётдаги муаммо ва такомиллаштириш йўналишлари таҳлил қилинади.

Ushbu maqolada Farg‘ona vodiysi hududida islomga kelishdan oldingi davrlarda amalda bo‘lgan diniy e’tiqodlar, mahalliy urf-odatlar, animistik va shamanistik tizimlar hamda — keng miqyosda — eroniy va markaziy Osiyoga xos dinlar: Zaratushtiylik, Manixiylik, Buddizm, shuningdek boshqa mahalliy kultlar (totemizm, suv- va tabiatga sig‘inish, ruhlar kultlari) tahlil qilinadi. Arxeologik topilmalar, etnografik tadqiqotlar hamda tarixiy manbalar asosida Farg‘ona vodiysidagi dinlar mozaikasi va ularning ijtimoiy hamda madaniy hayotga ta’siri ko‘rsatib beriladi. Natijalar shuni bildiradiki, vodiyning pre-islom diniy manzara ancha xilma-xil bo‘lgan, va bu xilma-xillik, ijtimoiy hamda madaniy integratsiyani shakllantirishda muhim rol o‘ynagan.

Mazku maqolada Turkman tabobatining tarixiy ildizlarini o‘rganishga bag‘ishlanadi. Unda qadimgi O‘rta Osiyo tibbiy an’analari, zardushtiylik davriga oid shifobaxsh amaliyotlar, Ibn Sino merosi hamda turkman xalq tabiblari tomonidan qo‘llanilgan o‘simliklar, marosimlar va davolash usullarining shakllanish jarayoni tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda akademik A. N. Kononovning turkiy xalqlar madaniyati bo‘yicha izlanishlari ham, shuningdek, UNESCO tomonidan tasdiqlangan an’anaviy bilimlar manbalari ilmiy asos sifatida qo‘llanadi. Maqola Turkmen tabobatining mintaqaviy o‘ziga xosligini yoritishga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu yondashuv tarixiy jarayonlarning madaniy kontekstini chuqurroq anglashga yordam beradi va zamonaviy etnomeditsina tadqiqotlari uchun mustahkam nazariy asos yaratadi. Shuningdek, an’ana va innovatsiya uyg‘unligining sog‘liqni saqlash amaliyotlariga ta’siri yoritiladi, yana chuqurlikda ko‘rsatiladi.

ушбу мақолада жиноят-процессуал ҳуқуқнинг муҳим институтларидан бири — кўрсатувларни олдиндан мустаҳкамлаб қўйиш (pre-trial consolidation of testimony) тартиби, унинг ҳуқуқий асослари, амалий аҳамияти ва қўллашда иштирок этувчи субъектлар фаолияти ёритиб берилган. Институтнинг жорий этилишидаги мақсад — суд муҳокамасигача ишда қатнашувчи гувоҳ ва жабрланувчиларнинг келгусида сўроқ қилиниши имкони бўлмаган ҳолларда уларнинг кўрсатувларини ишончли далил сифатида сақлаб қолишдир. Мақолада амалдаги қонунчиликда белгиланган объектив асослар, уларнинг торлиги сабабли юзага келаётган муаммолар, прокурор розилигининг ҳуқуқий табиати ҳамда уни қўллашдаги мезонларнинг аниқ белгиланмаганлиги таҳлил қилинади. Шунингдек, хорижий амалиётдаги “далилларни олдиндан мустаҳкамлаб қўйиш” тизими билан таққосий таҳлил ўтказилиб, мазкур институтни такомиллаштиришга оид таклиф ва тавсиялар илгари сурилади.

The article provides a detailed comparative analysis of the cognitive and cultural aspects of hospitality between the Uzbek and English people, focusing on the concept of mehmondorchilik (hospitality). It also examines the linguistic and conceptual definitions of the cognitive domain according to various linguists. Uzbek hospitality is characterized as warm, emotionally driven, and centered on treating guests as “God's guests,” emphasizing open-door policies and extensive service, whereas English hospitality is defined by formality, respect for personal boundaries (privacy), and reserve, often being shorter and pre-arranged. Finally, the text explores gift-giving etiquette in both nations, noting the Uzbek tradition of opening gifts immediately with effusive gratitude versus the English custom of opening them in private to maintain modesty.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston jamiyatida mahalla institutining o‘rni va ahamiyati, uning boshqaruv tizimi hamda asosiy funksiyalari yoritib berilgan. Yangi tahrirdagi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining 127-moddasiga tayangan holda, fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarining huquqiy maqomi va davlat bilan hamkorligi tahlil qilingan. Mahalla raisi va jamoatchilik boshqaruvi faoliyati, mahallaning an’anaviy va zamonaviy vazifalari, ijtimoiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi roli ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Shuningdek, yoshlar bilan ishlashning yangi mexanizmlari, xususan “Yoshlar balansi”, “Yoshlar daftari” hamda “Yoshlar portali” kabi platformalar asosida olib borilayotgan ishlar bayon etilgan. Mahallalarda yoshlarning bo‘sh vaqtini mazmunli tashkil etish, ularni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalash va ijtimoiy faolligini oshirishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar tahlil qilingan. Maqola mahalla boshqaruvi orqali jamiyatda ijtimoiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash va hududiy rivojlanishning muhim omillarini ko‘rsatadi.

This article investigates the pragmatics of interrogation in English and Uzbek detective texts from a comparative linguistic perspective. The study focuses on speech acts, questioning strategies, politeness mechanisms, and pragmatic goals employed during interrogation scenes. The material is based on selected English and Uzbek detective narratives in which interrogation constitutes a core narrative episode. The analysis reveals that English detective discourse tends toward institutionally regulated, pragmatically restrained interrogation strategies, while Uzbek discourse is characterized by emotionally charged, morally oriented, and socially embedded interrogative practices. The findings contribute to pragmatics, discourse analysis, and comparative literary linguistics.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz–o‘zbek badiiy tarjimasida ekvivalentlik muammosi hamda tarjima jarayonida qo‘llaniladigan transformatsiyalar tizimi lingvistik jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot materiali sifatida Jeyn Ostin asarlaridan olingan matn parchalarining inglizcha originali va ularning o‘zbekcha tarjimalari qiyosiy asosda o‘rganildi. Maqolada leksik, grammatik, semantik, modulyativ va madaniy adaptatsiyaga asoslangan transformatsiyalarning funksional roli yoritildi. Tadqiqot natijalari ingliz–o‘zbek badiiy tarjimasida funksional-ekvivalentlikni ta’minlashda transformatsiyalarning hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega ekanligini ko‘rsatadi.

This thesis discusses why customs, traditions, and festivals remain important in people’s lives. It explains how traditions develop from history, religion, and culture, and how they change over time through social and global influence. Using examples like Japan’s Obon, Mexico’s Día de los Muertos, India’s Diwali, and African festivals, the work shows how these celebrations keep cultural identity alive and bring communities together. The thesis also highlights the emotional, social, and economic benefits of festivals, such as creating happiness, reducing stress, and supporting tourism. In a globalized world, it emphasizes the need to protect and respect cultural practices. Overall, the study argues that customs and festivals are essential for preserving identity, unity, and cultural diversity.

Biznes turizm zamonaviy global iqtisodiyotning muhim segmentlaridan biri bo‘lib, kompaniyalar va korporatsiyalar faoliyatida strategik ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu tezisda biznes turizmning rivojlanish tendensiyalari, MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) segmentining iqtisodiy va madaniy ahamiyati, shuningdek, uning turizm infratuzilmasiga qo‘shgan hissasi tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, MICE faoliyati iqtisodiy o‘sishga, ishchi kuchi sifatini oshirishga va mamlakatning global brendini shakllantirishga xizmat qiladi.

Maqolada o‘zbek tilshunosligida maqollarning o‘rganilishi bo‘yicha amalga oshirilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlar tahlil qilinadi. Unda maqollarning lingvistik, pragmatik, stilistik, lingvopoetik, badiiy-estetik, lingvokulturologik va aksiolingvistik xususiyatlarini tadqiq etgan olimlar ishlari umumlashtiriladi. Xususan, maqollarning idioma, ibora va matallardan farqlanishi, ularning semantik mohiyati, obrazlilik darajasi va kommunikativ vazifalari kabi masalalar batafsil yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari asosida maqollar tilning semantik va madaniy qatlamlarini aks ettiruvchi muhim paremik birlik sifatida tavsiflanadi. Maqollarning milliy mentalitet, madaniy tajriba va xalq dunyoqarashini ifodalovchi lingvomadaniy birliklar sifatidagi o‘rni ko‘rsatiladi. Shuningdek, barqaror birikmalarni kognitiv aspektda o‘rganishning dolzarbligi asoslanib, ularning konseptual asoslari, mental jarayonlar bilan bog‘liqligi va nutq jarayonidagi kognitiv funksiyalarini dastlabki ilmiy vazifa sifatida belgilash taklif etiladi. Maqola o‘zbek tilidagi barqaror birikmalarni zamonaviy lingvistika, xususan kognitiv lingvistika nuqtayi nazaridan yanada chuqur o‘rganishga ilmiy asos yaratadi.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillarining grammatik tizimi qiyosiy-tilshunoslik nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilingan. Til tizimlarining fonetik, morfologik, sintaktik, morfosintaktik va semantik xususiyatlari tahliliy yondashuv asosida yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ikki tilning tipologik farqlari, o‘xshash tomonlari, grammatik kategoriyalarning ifodalanish mexanizmlari hamda tarjima jarayonidagi grammatik qiyinchiliklar izohlangan. Maqola tilshunoslar, tarjimonlar va til o‘rganuvchilar uchun amaliy va nazariy ahamiyatga ega.

The theoretical foundations of the article system in Modern English is focused on the semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic principles that govern the use of the, a/an, and the zero article. Although English articles are small formal markers, they encode complex distinctions related to definiteness, specificity, generic reference, and discourse structure. The study reviews major theoretical approaches traditional grammar, structural linguistics, and modern semantic-pragmatic models and shows how articles contribute to meaning-making in real communication. The aim of the article is to provide a clear, systematic explanation of the article system with examples from contemporary English usage.

Ushbu maqolada tadbirkorlik faoliyatini rivojlantirish jarayonida intellektual mulk obyektlarining — xususan, patentlash, tovar belgisini yaratish, mualliflik huquqlarini rasmiylashtirish va sanoat namunalarini himoya qilish tizimlarining ahamiyati yoritiladi. Mavzu bo‘yicha amaldagi huquqiy normalar, ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazish tartibi hamda bu jarayonlarning tadbirkorlik subyektlari faoliyatiga ta’siri real misollar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, intellektual mulk obyektlarini to‘g‘ri boshqarish innovatsion mahsulotlar ulushini oshiradi, raqobatbardoshlikni mustahkamlaydi va iqtisodiyotni modernizatsiya qilish jarayonini tezlashtiradi.

This article presents an expanded and detailed description of the classification of syllables and the different types of syllables in English. It provides an in-depth discussion of how syllables function in speech, reading, spelling, stress placement, and phonetic structure. The article explains the role of syllable types such as open, closed, VCe, vowel team, r-controlled, consonant-le, simple vowel syllables, and diphthong syllables. It also highlights how understanding syllables helps learners improve pronunciation, reading fluency, spelling accuracy, vocabulary development, and phonological awareness. The extended analysis demonstrates that syllable knowledge plays a central role in English phonetics and in learners’ overall linguistic competence.

This article provides an expanded, comprehensive, and detailed overview of English verbs and their grammatical categories. It describes the central role of verbs in the structure of English sentences, analyzes their morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties, and thoroughly explores categories such as tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, transitivity, regularity, finiteness, and verbal forms. The article also explains the roles of auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, phrasal verbs, linking verbs, and stative verbs, showing how each contributes to meaning in communication.

Ushbu maqola  buyuk nemis ma ’rifatparvar yozuvchisi  Yohann Volfgan Fon Gyote va  uning “FAUST” tragediyasining yartilishi xususida so’z boradi shuningdek muallifning asar orqali badiiy va falsafiy qarashlari,hamda uning jahon adabiyotiga ko’rsatgan ta’ siri tahlil etilgan.Maqola Gyotening ijodi insonni o’zini anglashga,yaxshilik sari harakat qilishga undashini ko’rsatadi.