Neoplastic diseases of the colon, especially colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, are among the most urgent problems of contemporary oncology. Worldwide, colorectal cancer ranks among the leading causes of tumor-related mortality and leads to loss of working capacity, disability, and a substantial potential economic burden. Although the development of screening programs, endoscopic technologies and modern imaging modalities has improved early diagnosis, in clinical practice a large proportion of patients are still detected at advanced stages. From this perspective, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) plays an invaluable role in the early detection and correct staging of colonic neoplastic diseases, as well as in the assessment of factors that influence surgical and combined treatment tactics.