Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common conditions in pediatric practice, occurring in more than half of newborns. It is caused by elevated bilirubin levels in the blood due to physiological and pathological processes. In most cases, jaundice is transient; however, with severe hyperbilirubinemia, there is a risk of developing bilirubin encephalopathy and other neurological complications. This article discusses the pathogenesis, classification, risk factors, modern diagnostic methods, and treatment principles of neonatal jaundice. Particular attention is paid to the timely diagnosis and prevention of complications.