The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical challenge, particularly in cases requiring surgical intervention. This study evaluates the effectiveness of microbiological examination of surgical specimens in confirming TB diagnosis. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on samples collected from patients undergoing pulmonary surgery due to suspected or confirmed TB. The microbiological methods employed included Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, and molecular diagnostics. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between microbiological findings and histopathological confirmation, underscoring the diagnostic value of surgical materials in complex or unclear TB cases. These findings highlight the importance of integrating microbiological analysis of surgical specimens into the diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in smear-negative or extrapulmonary manifestations.

Non-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis is a complex clinical and diagnostic form of the disease, in which standard microbiological verification of the pathogen is impossible. In such circumstances, the use of surgical specimens to determine the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) is particularly important, allowing for the optimization of anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens. This article examines ways to improve the effectiveness of combination therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients without bacillary excretion, taking into account the results of MBT drug susceptibility testing obtained from surgical specimens. It analyzes the possibilities of individualizing chemotherapy, increasing the clinical efficacy of treatment, and reducing the risk of drug resistance and relapse rates.

К настоящему времени представлены достаточно убедительные данные о влиянии газообразного NO, подаваемого ингаляционным путем, на функциональное и морфологическое состояние легких в ходе операций с ИК. Так, по данным исследования С.Е.Домнина (2020) показано, что при ингаляции NO в концентрации 20 ppm до ИК обеспечивались удовлетворительные функциональные показатели легких, а при ингаляционной терапии NO в течение всей операции в комбинации с перфузией ЛА и вентиляции легких во время ИК сохранялись функциональные показатели и предупреждалось развитие морфологических изменений в легких [2].

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are two highly prevalent chronic conditions with significant global health burden. Increasing evidence indicates a strong interplay between these disorders, mediated by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. The coexistence of COPD and MetS is associated with accelerated lung function decline, higher frequency of exacerbations, increased cardiovascular risk, and reduced quality of life. This review summarizes current epidemiological data, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications of the COPD–MetS overlap. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies—including lifestyle interventions, pharmacological approaches, and precision medicine—are discussed. Understanding the interaction between COPD and MetS is critical for early detection, risk stratification, and integrated patient management, and future research should focus on longitudinal studies and novel biomarker-based approaches.

Pulmonary diseases represent one of the most pressing and complex challenges in global healthcare, with their etiology rooted in the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms, and consequences of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Key causes include genetic predispositions (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, CFTR gene mutations), environmental factors (tobacco smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards), and infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The consequences encompass respiratory insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological issues at the individual level, as well as economic losses and burdens on healthcare systems at the societal level. The article highlights the importance of preventive measures, including smoking cessation, vaccination, and air quality improvement, while also discussing future research directions such as gene therapy and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic methods. This work emphasizes the need to enhance global healthcare strategies and strengthen environmental protection measures.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated blood insulin levels, which is often found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Comorbid conditions worsen the course of COPD, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of hyperinsulinemia in patients with COPD, its impact on disease severity, inflammation, and lung function. Data analysis reveals a link between metabolic disorders and the severity of respiratory disease, and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to treating these patients.

Проведено анализ данных обследования 152 больных с лекарственно-устойчивыми формами туберкулёза, которые получали стационарное лечение Бухарском областном центре фтизиатрии и пульмонологии в периоде 2016-2020 годах. Возраст больных варьировал от 19 до 79 лет, средний возраст составил 62,8 года. У мужчин заболевание встречался в 2,0 раза больше, а 73,0% больные были в возрасте старше 50 лет. При сравнительных анализах отмечено, что чаще болезнь встречался у сельских населениях - в 110(72,4%) случаев, а у городских этот показатель составил - 42(27,6%). Следует, отметит, что у 23(15,1%) случаев больные были вторичными. Часто встречался инфильтративный туберкулёз легких – у 143(94,0%) больных, запушенная форма фиброзно-кавернозная форма туберкулёза – у 3(2,0%) случаев, а ранняя форма очаговый ТБ легких наблюдено – у 3(2,0%) случаев.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often coexists with other chronic diseases, namely comorbidities. They negatively affect the prognosis, exacerbations and quality of life of patients with COPD. However, no studies have been conducted to examine the impact of these comorbidities on the clinical control criteria of COPD.

Treatment adherence is a key factor in the effective management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy can lead to prolonged disease transmission, increased risk of drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. This study investigates the level of treatment adherence among patients with pulmonary TB and identifies key factors influencing adherence behavior. A cohort of 150 patients receiving TB treatment was surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical monitoring data. The study revealed that 68% of patients demonstrated high adherence, 22% showed moderate adherence, and 10% exhibited low adherence. Factors such as side effects of medication, socioeconomic status, education level, and quality of healthcare provider communication were significantly associated with adherence rates. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient-centered approaches, including enhanced counseling, social support, and adherence monitoring, to improve treatment outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

Treatment adherence is a key factor in the effective management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy can lead to prolonged disease transmission, increased risk of drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. This study investigates the level of treatment adherence among patients with pulmonary TB and identifies key factors influencing adherence behavior. A cohort of 150 patients receiving TB treatment was surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical monitoring data. The study revealed that 68% of patients demonstrated high adherence, 22% showed moderate adherence, and 10% exhibited low adherence. Factors such as side effects of medication, socioeconomic status, education level, and quality of healthcare provider communication were significantly associated with adherence rates. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient-centered approaches, including enhanced counseling, social support, and adherence monitoring, to improve treatment outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) – серьезная медицинская проблема. По данным исследования Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), распространенность ХОБЛ в популяции 15,3%. Установлены внешние и внутренние факторы риска ХОБЛ. Для пациентов с ХОБЛ существенным является влияние болезни на их повседневную деятельность, так как болезнь часто сопровождается одним или более сопутствующими заболеваниями и/или системными эффектами. Повышенные маркеры воспаления значимо ассоциируются с повышением смертности от любых причин среди больных ХОБЛ, а увеличение физической активности снижает уровень системного воспаления. Отмечается, что значение пищевых волокон также может быть связано с их противовоспалительным и антиоксидантным действием.

Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid profiles, is frequently observed in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This condition has gained attention due to its potential impact on the progression of COPD and its association with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to COPD are multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in lipid metabolism. These changes may exacerbate the underlying pulmonary pathology and contribute to the higher cardiovascular risk seen in COPD patients. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential therapeutic strategies to address dyslipidemia in the context of COPD. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection, monitoring of lipid profiles, and the role of lipid-modifying agents in improving patient outcomes.

Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) – распространенное заболевание легких, которое вызывает ограничение потока воздуха в дыхательных путях и затрудняет дыхание. Ее иногда называют эмфиземой или хроническим бронхитом.

Acute obstructive pulmonary disease (AOPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by systemic inflammation and precipitating factors. Increasing the effectiveness of treatment with erythropoietin and enteral iron supplements. The prevalence of AOPD is increasing worldwide due to rising smoking rates and declining mortality from infectious diseases. In some regions, the widespread use of biofuels, such as wood, grass, and other organic materials, also contributes to the spread of AOPD. Mortality rates from COPD may be higher in countries with poorer health care than in countries with better health care. COPD is estimated to cause 4.3 million deaths worldwide in 2024, making it the third leading cause of death worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic poses a particular threat to patients with AOPD. The mortality rate among patients with AOPD and COVID-19 was 16% compared to patients without AOPD.

To examine the characteristics of the primary stage of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) case detection during the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods and to assess their impact on treatment outcomes among patients in Tashkent.

В стационаре обследованы 120 больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких в возрасте от 24 до 72 лет (средний возраст – 48,6 лет). Стаж болезни по хронической обструктивной болезнью легких составлял, в среднем, 15,6 лет. Анализ клинического течения ХОБЛ показал, что с утяжелением степени заболевания отмечается не только нарастание интенсивности клинических проявлений заболевания, но и усугублением степени кардио-респираторных нарушений, что характеризуется высокой частотой развития синдрома утомления респираторных мыщц, резкой степени выраженности (96,3%),  нарушениями ритма сердце (76,6%) и гипертрофий правого отдела (36,2%) и наличием P-pulmonale (55,3%), различной степени гипоксемии (75,0%).

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) of the lungs is a serious medical and social problem that requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. In recent years, surgical methods have become an important component of therapy when anti-tuberculosis drugs are ineffective. This article discusses modern surgical approaches to the treatment of DR-TB of the lungs, including indications, types of operations and postoperative management of patients. The analysis of the effectiveness of resection and collapse surgery methods is carried out, and promising technologies aimed at reducing relapses and improving long-term results are discussed. The presented data emphasize the need for an individualized approach to the choice of surgical treatment tactics, taking into account the degree of lung tissue damage, the general condition of the patient and the risk of complications.

The article notes that the morphology of the lungs of newborns is one of the key areas of modern pathological anatomy, since it is in the postnatal period that fundamental morphofunctional transformations occur, ensuring the transition of the child's body from intrauterine to extrauterine breathing.

В последнее время рак легких стал наиболее распространенным злокачественным новообразованием и самой распространенной причиной смертности от рака во всем мире. В 2020 году рак легких был вторым по распространенности раком (2,21 миллионов случаев) и наиболее распространенной причиной связанных с раком заболеваний (1,80 миллиона смертей) во всем мире. После высокого уровня смертности наиболее важным аспектом рака является его значительное экономическое и финансовое бремя, возлагаемое на правительства, пациенты и лица, осуществляющие уход за их семьями, работодатели, организации медицинского страхования и, в конечном счете, особенно в развивающихся странах. Один из наиболее распространенных методов оценки заболевания – это стоимость болезни. Исследования стоимости заболевания направлены на вычисление сколько общество тратит на ту или иную болезнь и определить различные компоненты стоимости.

Среди патологии дыхательной системы существенное значения имеет бронхоэктатические болезни легких.Бронхоэктазы лёгких чаще всего рассматриваются при оценке общих окончательных точек различных заболеваний, что могут привести к хроническому воспалению лёгких.

Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) относится к наиболее распространенным заболеваниям дыхательных путей, определяющим высокую инвалидизацию и летальность пациентов. При этом распространенность заболевания среди мужчин составляет 6–14%, среди женщин – 5–11% , а среднетяжелое и тяжелое течение ХОБЛ среди лиц старше 40 лет встречается в 10,1 ± 4,8% случаев. По расчетам специалистов, к 2030 г. ХОБЛ станет третьей по значимости причиной смертности в мире [1].

The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a simple, non-invasive assessment tool used to evaluate functional exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigates the prognostic significance of 6MWT performance in predicting disease progression, hospitalizations, and mortality among COPD patients. A cohort of individuals with moderate to severe COPD was evaluated using the 6MWT, and outcomes were tracked over a defined follow-up period. Results indicated that a lower 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) was significantly associated with increased risk of exacerbations, reduced quality of life, and higher mortality. These findings support the use of the 6MWT as a valuable predictor of clinical outcomes and as a practical tool for risk stratification in routine COPD management.

Установлено, что возбудитель SARS-CoV-2 характеризуется способностью вызывать различные степени изменений эндотелия и субэндотелиальных слоёв сосудов среднего калибра (мышечных артерий). В частности, в эндотелиальном и субэндотелиальном слоях мышечных артерий выявлялись очаги отёка и выраженное накопление кислых гликозаминогликанов. Для выявления указанных изменений гистохимическими методами использовались окраски альциановым синим и по Ван Гизону.Трупы лиц, умерших от коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, подвергались аутопсии в течение 12 часов после смерти. При исследовании проводилось иммуногистохимическое изучение ткани лёгких, а также анализ морфологических изменений в тканевых структурах. Результаты анализа показали, что для сосудов малого калибра - преимущественно прекапилляров и капилляров- характерна высокая степень повреждения эндотелиальных клеток

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone in the global strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly in regions with high TB prevalence. Despite its widespread use, several challenges and complications associated with BCG vaccination have emerged, affecting its efficacy and safety. These include variations in vaccine strain, differences in immunogenic response, and adverse reactions ranging from mild local reactions to more severe, albeit rare, systemic complications. The effectiveness of BCG in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis and its potential role in protecting against other diseases such as bladder cancer and leprosy have sparked ongoing debate. This review explores the key issues surrounding BCG vaccination, including its historical background, current challenges in its application, and the management of associated complications. Special attention is given to the risks and benefits of the vaccine in immunocompromised populations, as well as the global implications for TB control efforts.

This article describes a study analyzing the impact of COPD on the daily life and health of patients. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders among these patients and their impact on the course of the disease and the life of patients with COPD are analyzed. The study included 100 patients. The results emphasize the need to include assessment of depressive disorders in a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of COPD for their further correction and improvement of the general condition of patients