Non-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis is a complex clinical and diagnostic form of the disease, in which standard microbiological verification of the pathogen is impossible. In such circumstances, the use of surgical specimens to determine the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) is particularly important, allowing for the optimization of anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens. This article examines ways to improve the effectiveness of combination therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients without bacillary excretion, taking into account the results of MBT drug susceptibility testing obtained from surgical specimens. It analyzes the possibilities of individualizing chemotherapy, increasing the clinical efficacy of treatment, and reducing the risk of drug resistance and relapse rates.

Pulmonary diseases represent one of the most pressing and complex challenges in global healthcare, with their etiology rooted in the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms, and consequences of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Key causes include genetic predispositions (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, CFTR gene mutations), environmental factors (tobacco smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards), and infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The consequences encompass respiratory insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological issues at the individual level, as well as economic losses and burdens on healthcare systems at the societal level. The article highlights the importance of preventive measures, including smoking cessation, vaccination, and air quality improvement, while also discussing future research directions such as gene therapy and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic methods. This work emphasizes the need to enhance global healthcare strategies and strengthen environmental protection measures.

The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical challenge, particularly in cases requiring surgical intervention. This study evaluates the effectiveness of microbiological examination of surgical specimens in confirming TB diagnosis. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on samples collected from patients undergoing pulmonary surgery due to suspected or confirmed TB. The microbiological methods employed included Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, and molecular diagnostics. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between microbiological findings and histopathological confirmation, underscoring the diagnostic value of surgical materials in complex or unclear TB cases. These findings highlight the importance of integrating microbiological analysis of surgical specimens into the diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in smear-negative or extrapulmonary manifestations.

Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions that complicate diagnosis and treatment. This study investigates the clinical manifestations, microbiological characteristics, and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB in patients with associated diseases. A cohort of 120 patients with confirmed MDR-TB was analyzed, of whom 58 had one or more comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV infection, and cardiovascular diseases. The study found that comorbidities altered the clinical presentation of MDR-TB, often leading to atypical radiological patterns and prolonged bacterial persistence. Microbiological analysis revealed higher rates of extensive drug resistance and delayed sputum conversion in patients with comorbidities. Treatment outcomes were less favorable in this group, with increased rates of treatment failure and adverse drug reactions. The findings underscore the need for individualized treatment strategies and integrated care approaches for MDR-TB patients with comorbid conditions to improve clinical outcomes.

The WHO estimates that TB has claimed the lives of over 1.4 million people in 2019 alone Pulmonary tuberculosis develops in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with moderate to severe severity, subcompensated form and with a complicated course, with more than 9 years of experience of the disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus were characterized by widespreadinfiltrative tuberculosis with bacterial excretion, in every fifth patient with drug-resistant pathogen. The clinical picture of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes mellitus was characterized by severe intoxication and bronchopulmonary syndromes, moderately pronounced changes in the clinical blood test, a pronounced reaction to tuberculin. Pathological reactivity was noted in 2/3 of patients with combined pathology, most of the patients had a low level of adaptation. Despite this, ineffective tuberculosis therapy was noted only in every 4 patients with diabetes mellitus.

To examine the characteristics of the primary stage of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) case detection during the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods and to assess their impact on treatment outcomes among patients in Tashkent.

Treatment adherence is a key factor in the effective management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy can lead to prolonged disease transmission, increased risk of drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. This study investigates the level of treatment adherence among patients with pulmonary TB and identifies key factors influencing adherence behavior. A cohort of 150 patients receiving TB treatment was surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical monitoring data. The study revealed that 68% of patients demonstrated high adherence, 22% showed moderate adherence, and 10% exhibited low adherence. Factors such as side effects of medication, socioeconomic status, education level, and quality of healthcare provider communication were significantly associated with adherence rates. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient-centered approaches, including enhanced counseling, social support, and adherence monitoring, to improve treatment outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

Treatment adherence is a key factor in the effective management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis therapy can lead to prolonged disease transmission, increased risk of drug resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. This study investigates the level of treatment adherence among patients with pulmonary TB and identifies key factors influencing adherence behavior. A cohort of 150 patients receiving TB treatment was surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical monitoring data. The study revealed that 68% of patients demonstrated high adherence, 22% showed moderate adherence, and 10% exhibited low adherence. Factors such as side effects of medication, socioeconomic status, education level, and quality of healthcare provider communication were significantly associated with adherence rates. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient-centered approaches, including enhanced counseling, social support, and adherence monitoring, to improve treatment outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

One of the urgent problems of modern phthisiology is the combination of tuberculosis with oncological diseases. This is primarily due to the steady increase in the number of patients with malignant neoplasms in recent years against the background of the ongoing tense situation with tuberculosis. In the annual report of the World Health Organization in 2018, tuberculosis was named one of the 10 main causes of death from diseases in the world [6].

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) of the lungs is a serious medical and social problem that requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. In recent years, surgical methods have become an important component of therapy when anti-tuberculosis drugs are ineffective. This article discusses modern surgical approaches to the treatment of DR-TB of the lungs, including indications, types of operations and postoperative management of patients. The analysis of the effectiveness of resection and collapse surgery methods is carried out, and promising technologies aimed at reducing relapses and improving long-term results are discussed. The presented data emphasize the need for an individualized approach to the choice of surgical treatment tactics, taking into account the degree of lung tissue damage, the general condition of the patient and the risk of complications.

This article discusses the diagnosis and conservative treatment of chronic otitis media in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. It provides information on the interaction of the disease, early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and otitis media in the initial mild form, treatment based on specific approaches in conservative treatment, and the results achieved, based on analyses and examples.

One of the most prevalent locations for extrapulmonary TB is the lymph nodes, especially the thoracic lymph nodes. However, nothing is known about Mtb infection in these organs. Lymph nodes are habitats for Mtb development and persistence in addition to being locations where the adaptive immune system is initiated. Granuloma growth brought on by Mtb infection disturbs and, if it grows large enough, destroys the lymph node's regular design, which is essential to its operation. Effective TB vaccines seem to stop Mtb from moving from the lungs to the lymph nodes in preclinical animals. Future studies evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and anti-TB drug treatments should take into account the effects on thoracic lymph nodes, not just the lungs. Finally, drug penetration to the lymph nodes is poor compared to blood, lung tissue, and lung granulomas.

Numerous scientific studies are being conducted around the world to study the effectiveness of treatment. Numerous studies by domestic and foreign authors have been devoted to the issue of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) throughout the world is a major obstacle to tuberculosis control and achievement of the targets set by the World Health Assembly and included in one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [1; pages. 161-171, 178; p., 2; pages. 57-66.].

Analysis in patients with active PTB showed anemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, elevation in plasma fibrinogen, factor VIII, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) with depressed antithrombin III (AT III) and protein C (PC) levels. On the 30th day of treatment, anemia, leucocytosis and thrombocytosis were improved. With the development of tuberculosis against the background of pronounced immunodeficiency and the predominance of the exudative nature of inflammation with damage to the microhemocirculatory bed of the lungs, a significant deposition of fibrin in the inflammatory zone becomes possible. On the 30th day of treatment, anemia, leucocytosis and thrombocytosis were improved. Fibrinogen and factor VIII levels had decreased to normal levels, PC and AT III levels had increased to normal levels, and there was no difference in PAI-1 levels. We found no activated protein C resistance. Platelet aggregation studies demonstrated increased platelet activation. However, DVT was not detected in patients during the follow-up period.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone in the global strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly in regions with high TB prevalence. Despite its widespread use, several challenges and complications associated with BCG vaccination have emerged, affecting its efficacy and safety. These include variations in vaccine strain, differences in immunogenic response, and adverse reactions ranging from mild local reactions to more severe, albeit rare, systemic complications. The effectiveness of BCG in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis and its potential role in protecting against other diseases such as bladder cancer and leprosy have sparked ongoing debate. This review explores the key issues surrounding BCG vaccination, including its historical background, current challenges in its application, and the management of associated complications. Special attention is given to the risks and benefits of the vaccine in immunocompromised populations, as well as the global implications for TB control efforts.

Over the past decade, in most countries of the world, there has been an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis. The current epidemiological situation regarding tuberculosis remains tense in most countries of the world community.

HIV-associated tuberculosis – TB (TB/HIV co-infection) is becoming one of the main problems of modern phthisiology. Over the past decade, there has been a multiple increase in the number of cases of the disease and high mortality rates among patients of both medical institutions of the state health system and penitentiary institutions [1,8,2,11]. TB is the most common reason for seeking medical care among people living with HIV, including those taking ART.

In modern society, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), along with arterial hypertension, coronary болезнью heart disease (CHD) and diabetes mellitus, is в one of the leading chronic diseases; they account for more than 30% of all other forms of human pathology. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies COPD as a disease with a high level of social burden, and it is widespread in both в developed так and в developing countries. According прог нозу на период до to the WHO experts ' forecast for the period up to 2020, экспертами COPD will become not only one of the most common human diseases, but also one of the leading causes of death. At the same time ожидается снижение уровня, the mortality rate from myocardial infarction, cancer заболева#, tuberculosis, etc. is expected to decrease. 

This article describes in detail the medicinal properties of the yarrow plant, the chemical composition of the yarrow, the conditions in which preparations made from the yarrow and its fruits, seeds, and above-ground parts are used not only by scientific medicine but also by folk medicine, and what methods should be used to treat which diseases.