В этой статье исследуется не только влияние реализма в литературе на современные литературные движения, но и его устойчивое влияние на изображение повседневной жизни, социальных проблем и человеческого опыта.  Изучая характеристики реализма в американской литературе, такие как регионализм, социальные проблемы, психологический реализм, объективность и его влияние на более позднюю литературу, это исследование проливает свет на важность реализма как основополагающего элемента в американской литературной традиции.

В статье рассматривается проблема художественного мышления на стыке реализма и романтизма на примере русской и мировой литературы. Определяются особенности философско-эстетических оснований реализма и романтизма, раскрывается их противоположность и взаимодополнение. Приводятся примеры творческого синтеза двух направлений у ряда авторов (М. Ю. Лермонтов, В. Гюго, Ф. М. Достоевский, И. В. Гёте), демонстрирующие сочетание романтического мировосприятия с реалистическим изображением действительности. Делается вывод о том, что напряжение между романтизмом и реализмом сыграло важную роль в эволюции литературного процесса, обогатив художественные подходы и углубив понимание человеческой природы.

This article explores the role of Jack London in the development of Realism in American literature, particularly focusing on his adventure fiction. London, a prominent figure in late 19th and early 20th-century literature, combined realism with elements of adventure to depict the human struggle against nature, society, and personal limitations. Through his famous works like The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Martin Eden, London captures the essence of individualism, survival, and the harsh realities of both human and animal existence. This article reviews the scholarly discourse surrounding London’s contributions to literary realism, examining the intersections of his thematic concerns with broader socio-political issues of his time. Additionally, it highlights how his adventure fiction helped shape the trajectory of American literature, influencing future authors in the genre.

Jane Austen a writer who played a key role in shaping the Realistic style. Realism itself is really interesting topic to discuss, it has various features that highlights the key features of how ordinary people live. In this article I will highlight the main features of realism and the realistic style in Jane Austen’s great novel “Pride and Prejudice”.

This article explores Honoré de Balzac's novel "Father Goriot," focusing on its significance as a masterpiece of realism and its profound social critique. Through an in-depth analysis of key themes, character development, and narrative techniques, this article highlights Balzac's portrayal of society and his exploration of human nature. With the use of annotation keywords and references, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of the novel's enduring impact on French literature.  

The article “The Evolution of Law: A Scientific Perspective on Society’s Legal Framework” analyzes the scientific foundations of legal systems in society and their historical development. It covers the formation of modern constitutional governance from ancient times, in particular, through the Code of Hammurabi and the Magna Carta of 1215. The author explains the scientific approach to law - that is, the theory of legal realism based on empirical data - and shows the importance of this approach in making legal decisions. The article also analyzes the role of modern technologies - artificial intelligence and blockchain systems - in the legal sphere. Although they increase efficiency by automating legal processes and digitizing contracts, they also raise issues of ethical and legal responsibility. The author emphasizes the need for education and reform for future legal systems, emphasizing the need to adapt laws to technological changes and strengthen international cooperation. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for the constant evolution of law - to ensure a balance between innovation and order, while maintaining the principles of justice, integrity,and accountability.

The Victorian Age (1837–1901) represents one of the most transformative periods in British history, marked by industrial expansion, scientific progress, and major social reforms. This paper examines the main cultural, social, and literary developments of the era while highlighting the central themes, ideological shifts, and literary innovations that defined Victorian society. Through analysis of historical sources, literary works, and scholarly interpretations, the research discusses how industrialization, moral complexity, and evolving societal norms shaped Victorian literature. The study concludes that the Victorian Age laid the foundation for modern English culture and continues to hold significant influence in contemporary literary studies.

В статье представлена ​​краткая информация об одном из основоположников узбекского реализма Мухаммаде Аминходже Мукими, его противоречивом жизненном и творческом пути. Обсуждается литературная жизнь периода, в котором жил и творил Мукими, и влияние этой среды на творчество Мукими.

Ushbu maqola “Alvido, qurol!” romanining rus (Ye.Kalashnikova) va o‘zbek (I.G‘afurov) tillari tarjimalarida uslubiy o‘xshashliklar va farqlar keltirib o’tilgan. Ikkala tarjima ham Ernest Xemengueyning sodda, ta’sirli va yurakka yetib boruvchi uslubini, asosiy ruhini va urush haqidagi achchiq haqiqatlarni asliga yaqin yetkazishga harakat qilgan.

Literature serves as a powerful medium to explore human emotions, social realities, and existential struggles. This study presents a comparative analysis of "The Last Leaf" by O. Henry and "Bemor" by Abdulla Qahhor, focusing on their thematic concerns, narrative techniques, and symbolic representations. Both stories depict human suffering and resilience in the face of illness, yet their resolutions and underlying messages differ significantly due to their distinct cultural and literary traditions. O. Henry’s narrative revolves around hope, altruism, and the power of artistic sacrifice, while Qahhor’s work presents a realistic depiction of suffering and the limitations of faith in overcoming material hardships. By analyzing these stories through the lenses of literary symbolism, character development, and socio-cultural context, this study aims to demonstrate how literature reflects universal human experiences while remaining deeply rooted in its cultural background.

This article examines Charles Dickens as one of the most influential social critics of Victorian England. It explores how Dickens used fiction to expose poverty, child labor, class inequality, and institutional corruption. By analyzing his major works such as Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and Bleak House, the study reveals how Dickens blended storytelling with moral instruction and social reform. The article also discusses his narrative strategies, his engagement with contemporary social issues, and his enduring impact on both literature and social consciousness.

This article offers a comparative analysis of Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and Yangi Saodat by Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy. Despite differing cultural contexts—industrial England and Central Asia—both novels portray characters struggling between personal freedom and societal expectations. Lawrence focuses on emotional conflict within a working-class family, while Niyoziy emphasizes education’s role in reforming feudal society. The study explores themes of realism, social reform, and personal struggle, showing how each work reflects and challenges early 20th-century norms, contributing to broader discussions on individual autonomy and social change.

This paper examines death and sadness in the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Thomas Hardy. Despite different literary traditions, both explore human mortality and suffering. Poe, a Gothic Romantic, depicts death as a mysterious force reflecting the fragility of the human mind, while Hardy, a Realist and Naturalist, presents it as an inevitable aspect of life shaped by fate and society. Analysis of selected poems and stories highlights their emotional depth, tragic vision, and philosophical significance. Death and sorrow emerge as central motifs expressing each author’s worldview, marked by despair, fatalism, and the search for meaning.

Virtual laboratories have emerged as powerful educational tools for enhancing professional training in various disciplines. This scientific article explores the methodology for developing and implementing virtual laboratories to facilitate the professional training of students. It highlights the benefits of virtual laboratories, discusses the key components of the methodology, and presents practical considerations for their effective integration into educational programs. The article emphasizes the role of virtual laboratories in promoting active learning, skills development, and the acquisition of practical knowledge. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of virtual laboratories in professional training. By adopting this methodology, educators can create immersive and interactive learning environments that prepare students for the demands of their future professions.

James Joyce’s short story Eveline, from his collection Dubliners (1914), explores the internal conflict of a young woman trapped between the past and the uncertain future. Through a detailed psychological and socio-cultural lens, this article examines how Eveline reflects the struggles of women in early 20th-century Ireland. Eveline’s paralysis, resulting from familial obligations, religious guilt, and fear of the unknown, embodies Joyce’s broader theme of existential stagnation. The paper also contextualizes Eveline’s situation within contemporary feminist theory and historical Irish cultural norms. By drawing on psychological and literary analysis, this study demonstrates how Joyce’s use of epiphany and narrative structure underscores the protagonist’s tragic immobility.

In this article, family which is considered an integral part of the society in the novel is analyzed. The main idea of ​​the novel "East of Eden" is the family, the author revealed in his work the level of influence of relations, conflicts, and problems in the family on the fate of a person, and the fact that good and evil are always side by side in life is depicted by the characters of the work.

Ushbu maqola amerikalik faylasuf va adib Ralph Waldo Emerson hamda jadidchilik harakatining namoyondalaridan biri, o‘zbek mutafakkiri Is’hoqxon To‘ra Ibratning g‘oyaviy-estetik qarashlarini solishtirma tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlanadi. Tahlil uchun asosiy manbalar — Emersonning mashhur Self-Reliance esse-si va Ibratning didaktik-ma’rifiy asari Risolai Ibrat tanlangan. Inson tafakkurining taraqqiyotida falsafa va adabiyot muhim o‘rin egallaydi.

Ijodkorlar asosan peyzajni tasvirlashda odatda ochiq maydonni tanlaydilar. U, qoida tariqasida, suv va yoki yer yuzasining tasvirini taqdim etadi. Yo'nalishiga qarab - o'simliklar, binolar, jihozlar, meteorologik (bulut, yomg'ir) va astronomik (yulduzlar, quyosh, oy) shakllanishlar. Ba'zan rassom obrazli qo'shimchalardan (odamlar, hayvonlar) ham, asosan, nisbatan o'tkinchi syujet holatlari shaklida foydalanadi. Landshaft kompozitsiyasida esa ularga shubhasiz ikkinchi darajali ahamiyat beriladi.

Ushbu maqolada XX asr oʻzbek adabiyotiga katta hissa qoʻshgan oʻzbek yozuvchisi Shukur Xolmirzayevning ijodiy faoliyati toʻgʻrisida soʻz yuritilib, uning “Odam” hikoyasi talqiniga bag’ishlanadi. Hikoya talqin qilinar ekan, undagi bosh obrazlar bilan birga yozuvchi uslubi xususiyatlari ham ochib beriladi.