The problem of ischemic stroke (IS) has become increasingly important in recent years, as it ranks first in the structure of disability and mortality, crowding out other vascular diseases. In this regard, the study of this pathology and the search for new therapeutic and diagnostic tools remains an urgent problem of modern medical science and practice.

Транзитор ишемик ҳужум (ТИҲ) инсульт ривожланиши учун жиддий хавф ҳисобланади. Адабиёт маълумотларига кўра, инсульт ўтказган беморларнинг 40-50% да ТИҲ учрайди. Кўп ҳолларда, ТИҲ нафақат беморлар, балки тиббиёт ходимлари томонидан ҳам пайқалмайди ва турли даражадаги клиник оғирликка эга бўлиши мумкин. ТИҲ ўтказган беморларда кўпинча артерия стенозлари ва юрак патологиялари кузатилади. Патогенетик механизмига кўра, ТИҲ қуйидаги ҳолатлар натижасида ривожланиши мумкин: • қон томирлари ўғирланиши синдроми, • микроэмболизация, • қон томирларининг спазми, • гиперкоагуляция. Ишемик инсульт ва ТИҲ ривожланишида гемодинамик механизм катта аҳамиятга эга бўлиб, ички каротид артериясининг оғир стенози ёки окклюзияси билан боғлиқ ҳолларда муҳим аҳамият касб этади. Шу билан бирга, касалликнинг этиопатогенетик тузилмасини аниқлаш ва инсультни олдини олиш учун дифференциал ёндашувни ишлаб чиқиш зарур.Адабиёт маълумотларига кўра, ТИҲ ўтказган беморларнинг аксариятида ҳужумлар бир неча марта такрорланган, аммо улар вақтинчалик неврологик бузилишларга етарлича эътибор бермаган. Шу сабабли, ТИҲ стереотипик хусусиятга эга бўлади. ТИҲни эрта ташхислаш, унинг сабаб ва механизмларини аниқлаш, шунингдек, асосли ва мақсадли даволаш юқори юрак-қон томир хавфига эга беморларда оғир асоратларнинг олдини олиш учун муҳим ҳисобланади ва самарали профилактика резерви бўлиб хизмат қилади.

O‘tkir aralashuvlar va xavf omillarini boshqarishdagi yutuqlarga qaramay, ishemik insult butun dunyo bo‘ylab o‘lim va uzoq muddatli nogironlikning asosiy sababi bo‘lib qolmoqda. Insulinga rezistentlik (IR) - an’anaviy ravishda 2-toifa qandli diabet bilan bog‘liq - ishemik insult uchun mustaqil, o‘zgartiriladigan xavf omili sifatida paydo bo‘ldi. Metabolik ta’siridan tashqari, IR endotelial disfunksiyani rag‘batlantiradi, aterosklerozni tezlashtiradi, trombogenezni kuchaytiradi, neyroyallig‘lanish va oksidlanish jarayonlarini kuchaytiradi va shu bilan insult bilan kasallanish va prognozga ta’sir qiladi.  Ushbu sharh epidemiologik ma'lumotlarni, molekulyar mexanizmlarni va potentsial klinik ilovalarni birlashtirgan ishemik insult patogenezida IR ning roli haqidagi mavjud dalillarni sintez qiladi.

Ischemic stroke is a growing medical, social and economic problem, the scope of which is becoming epidemic (Graeme J.H., 2016). Despite relatively stable incidence rates and a  decrease in mortality over the past two decades, there has  been an increase in the number of years of life adjusted for disability and stroke-related deaths (Feigin V.L. et al., 2014). Despite the undoubted achievements in this area, the problem of the negative impact of neurological deficit on the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures, short-term and long- term prognosis, functional status and quality of life of patients does not become less significant. (Kliper E. et al., 2016).

Due to the high mortality rate after a stroke, which in Uzbekistan remains one of the highest in the world, the optimization of early stroke rehabilitation has acquired particular importance in recent decades. Moreover, in 68% of cases, the cause of death in patients who have had a stroke over the age of 60 is complications that join the main pathological process, while the immediate severity of a stroke is only 32%.

The gut microbiota and its connection to different neurological conditions have been the subject of an increasing number of investigations.  In addition to having a significant influence on blood pressure, blood glucose, and atherosclerosis—all risk factors for ischemic stroke—the gut microbiota can also have an impact on the body's metabolic state.  In order to provide new concepts for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke, we compiled research on the physiological role of the gut microbiota and gut microbiota disorders associated with the central nervous system in this review. The gastrointestinal tract hosts complex microbial communities, the largest pool of immune cells, and forms a bidirectional regulation brain-gut axis with the brain. Recent experimental and clinical studies have highlighted the significance of the relationship between the intestinal microenvironment and stroke.

Органическая эмоциональная лабильность при ишемическом инсульте представляет собой сложное и многогранное клиническое явление, проявляющееся нарушениями эмоциональной регуляции, повышенной чувствительностью к незначительным раздражителям, частыми изменениями настроения и снижением устойчивости к стрессовым воздействиям. Данное состояние имеет глубокие патофизиологические корни, связанные с поражением структур головного мозга, участвующих в регуляции эмоций, включая лобные доли, лимбическую систему и стволовые образования. Эмоциональная лабильность значительно ухудшает качество жизни пациентов, препятствует их социальной адаптации и существенно затрудняет проведение реабилитационных мероприятий после инсульта.

A significant number of individuals worldwide are affected by multifocal ischemic stroke each year. Surprisingly, a considerable portion of these cases show minimal neurological impairments. The cognitive symptom known as acalculia, characterized by the inability to perform basic mathematical tasks. Absence of limb power combined with cognitive problems such as acalculia may indicate that the stroke has specifically impacted regions of the brain that play a greater role in cognitive processing rather than motor abilities. This case report details the medical presentation of a previously healthy and athletic 73-year-old male with a history of alcohol consumption and smoking, presenting with atrial fibrillation and acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident with moderate to mild dementia. Radiological presentation characterized by unusual multifocal cerebral involvement, contrasted with surprisingly minimal neurological deficits.

Аmong all strоkes, cаrdiоembolic strоkes account for 15-30%, and this type of stroke has a higher risk of death than others. Preventiоn, eаrly diagnоsis аnd treаtment of cerebrovascular diseases is one of the most urgent problems and is the most priority direction of modern neurology. In the United States, stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability. In post-stroke cases, these types of strokes have a high rate of serious disability. Therefore, early prevention of cardioembolic stroke has a significant impact on disability and mortality rates among the population.

ReInsult - это инновационный проект, представляющий собой мобильное приложение, специально разработанное для людей, перенесших инсульт. Данное приложение предлагает надежное и удобное средство, которое помогает  пользователям восстановиться после инсульта с помощью видеоуроков и советов от врачей. Приложение ReInsult предлагает набор видеоуроков, разработанных специально для улучшения физического и психологического состояния людей, переживших инсульт. Видеоуроки охватывают различные аспекты реабилитации, включая упражнения для восстановления двигательных навыков, улучшения речи и координации.

According to the European Epidemiological Study, stroke at a young age has doubled since 2018 compared to previous years. The relevance of studying strokes at a young age is also due to the fact that the etiology is largely different from stroke in the elderly and remains unclear, there is no single developed algorithm for examining and managing patients with stroke at a young age. And if we trace the growth of disability, in parallel with complications, we can identify post-stroke anxiety and depressive disorders that negatively affect the recovery period and rehabilitation.

O‘tkir miya qon aylanishining yetishmovchiligi (BMQAO‘B) zamonaviy tibbiyot va sog‘liqni saqlash tizimidagi eng dolzarb muammolardan biri hisoblanadi. Bemorlarning holatini baholash uchun maxsus baholash tizimlari – shkala va so‘rovnomalardan foydalanish zarur. Ushbu maqolada 85 nafar bemor ishtirokida o‘tkazilgan tadqiqot natijalari yoritilgan. Har bir bemorning holatini to‘g‘ri baholash strategik va taktik davolash maqsadlarini aniq belgilashga, og‘ir holatlarda individual davolash usullarining xavf va foydasini sinchkovlik bilan baholashga imkon berdi. Nevrologik amaliyotda shkala va so‘rovnomalar qo‘llanilishi terapiya bo‘yicha qaror qabul qilish samaradorligini oshiradi, insult natijalarini prognoz qilish imkonini beradi hamda turli davolash usullarini taqqoslash imkoniyatini yaratadi.

Цель настоящего исследования — анализ особенностей развития и клинических проявлений органической эмоциональной лабильности (ОЭЛ) в постинсультный период, а также изучение зависимости симптомов от локализации очага поражения и их динамики. Обследованы 80 пациентов в возрасте от 45 до 75 лет с ишемическим инсультом. Для оценки использовались шкалы PLACS, HADS, MMSE, клиническое и неврологическое обследование, а также данные МРТ головного мозга. Согласно результатам исследования, признаки ОЭЛ были выявлены у 60% пациентов, преимущественно при поражении лобных долей и базальных ганглиев. Основные симптомы включали немотивированную плаксивость, резкие перепады настроения и раздражительность. У пациентов с ОЭЛ были зафиксированы более высокие показатели тревоги и депрессии по шкале HADS (p < 0,01). В течение 30 дней у большинства пациентов наблюдалась положительная динамика симптомов. Таким образом, органическая эмоциональная лабильность является частым постинсультным осложнением, и её своевременная диагностика и комплексная терапия способствуют повышению эффективности реабилитационного процесса.

Arterial stiffness as a marker of subclinical target organ damage in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) is an important and independent predictor of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. The review examines factors that contribute to increased vascular wall stiffness with a focus on smoking, mechanisms of increased arterial stiffness with aging, and the effect of arterial stiffness on increased systolic and pulse blood pressure (BP). Particular attention is paid to the effect of pulse blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular complications, primarily on the incidence of stroke and cognitive impairment.

Research objective – to reveal gender-related features of changes in immune status during acute ischemic stroke.

Острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК) остаётся одной из ведущих причин инвалидизации и смертности в мире. Несмотря на активное внедрение современных методов реперфузионной терапии — тромболизиса и тромбоэкстракции — проблема развития вторичных осложнений в раннем постинсультном периоде сохраняет актуальность. Эти осложнения обусловлены каскадом ишемического и реперфузионного повреждения, активацией свободнорадикальных процессов и выраженным окислительным стрессом, приводящим к вторичному поражению нейронов, эндотелия и гематоэнцефалического барьера. Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение эффективности ранней антиоксидантной терапии в комплексной профилактике вторичных осложнений у пациентов, перенёсших тромболизис и тромбоэкстракцию при ишемическом инсульте. В исследование было включено 120 пациентов (возраст 45–78 лет), находившихся на лечении в неврологическом отделении с диагнозом ишемический инсульт в бассейне средней мозговой артерии. В

The article focuses on particular specificity of the topic of cognitive impairment. There are several approaches to analyse and discuss the issues related to the chosen subject. Moreover, types and symptoms will be thoroughly explained and expanded.

Ushbu maqolada vertebrobazilar etishmovchilikning sabablari, patofiziologiyasi, klinik ko'rinishlari, diagnostika usullari va yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan asoratlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Nevrologik nuqsonlarni kamaytirish va uzoq muddatli natijalarni yaxshilash uchun ushbu davolash usullarini har tomonlama tushunish juda muhimdir. Vertebrobazilar etishmovchiligi (VBE) - miyaning muhim sohalarini, shu jumladan miya sopi, serebellum va oksipital loblarni ta'minlaydigan vertebrobazilar arterial tizimda qon oqimining pasayishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan holat. VBI ko'pincha vaqtinchalik ishemik hujumlar (TIA) bilan namoyon bo'ladi va agar to'g'ri davolanmasa, insult kabi jiddiy asoratlarga o'tishi mumkin. VBEni tushunish hayot uchun xavfli asoratlarning oldini olish uchun erta tashxis qo'yish va davolash uchun juda muhimdir.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), arterial hypertension (H) is considered a non-infectious pandemic that affects the socio-economic losses of society. The prevalence of hypertension in the world is quite high and amounts to 30-45% among the adult population; increases with age and reaches 62% in persons over 60 years of age [1]. Despite numerous studies on the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension, the availability of various treatment methods and a large selection of drugs and their combinations, it is still not possible to prevent the development of cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke), which lead to patient disability and premature mortality [2].

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and a number of other cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to decreased quality of life [1]. In 2017, cardiovascular diseases were estimated to cause 17.8 million deaths worldwide, corresponding to 330 million years of life lost and an additional 35.6 million years of life lived with disability [2]. Nearly 80% of cardiovascular disease deaths worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of cardiovascular disease and risk factors is increasing as a result of the ongoing coronavirus-related epidemiology [3].

The problem of developing the motor abilities of gymnasts over the years not only does not lose its relevance, but also raises new questions that need to be solved using modern scientific methods, in accordance with the trends and prospects for the development of world gymnastics.

Currently, the prevalence of diabetes and chronic pancreatitis is the highest among the world's population, especially among the elderly population (≥65 years old) compared to other diseases.  In addition, the prevalence of these diseases among the population is much younger compared to the age groups, which worries many health workers and government leaders.  Many scientists have observed that type 2 diabetes has the highest prevalence of any age group, and this number is projected to increase >4.5-fold between 2005 and 2050.  Among these diseases, the risk of developing acute and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, blindness, stroke, and coronary artery disease is high, causing long-term complications, reduced quality of life, high health care costs, and major public health problems.  is releasing.  That is why the development of comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation measures for these diseases is one of the main tasks facing the healthcare system.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly one-third of all global deaths. Despite significant advances in medical science and healthcare technologies, the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders continues to rise due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and population aging. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular diseases as “silent killers,” emphasizing their epidemiology, major risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and preventive strategies. Using data from the World Health Organization, peer-reviewed medical journals, and large-scale epidemiological studies, the paper highlights the urgent need for early detection and integrated prevention policies. The findings underscore that most cardiovascular deaths are preventable through lifestyle modification, effective public health interventions, and evidence-based clinical management.

Qon aylanish tizimi kasalliklari, jumladan, yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari va insult aholi salomatligining jiddiy muammosi bo‘lib, O‘zbekistondagi barcha o‘lim holatlarining deyarli 47 foizini tashkil qiladi. Bu sharoitlar nafaqat inson salomatligiga, balki katta ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy yuklarni ham yuklaydi. Ushbu tadqiqotning maqsadi ijtimoiy va gigiyenik ahamiyatini baholash va O'zbekistonda kardiologik tibbiy yordamning mavjud tashkil etilishini tahlil qilish, mavjudlik va profilaktika strategiyalariga urg'u berishdan iborat.

This article thoroughly analyzes the complex interrelationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension (AH). Epidemiological data indicate that 60–80% of patients with diabetes also suffer from hypertension. The coexistence of these two chronic conditions significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and chronic kidney disease by 1.5-2 times. The study specifically focuses on common pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management of DM and AH. Diagnostic criteria encompass regular blood pressure monitoring, glycemic control assessment (HbA1c), and renal function tests (serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate [GFR], and microalbuminuria). Notably, hypertension affects over 70% of patients with diabetic nephropathy, further escalating the risk of cardiac and renal failure. Treatment strategies aim to normalize blood pressure and ensure glycemic control, involving both pharmacological interventions (RAAS inhibitors like ACE inhibitors and ARBs, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers) and lifestyle modifications (limiting sodium intake to