Laparoscopic surgical procedures can today be performed in almost all hospitals and the experiences of surgeons are increasing day by day. Cholecystectomy is especially one of the laparoscopic treatments that many surgical assistants firstly learn and apply. The validity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is today indisputable in symptomatic gallbladder stones, other benign gallbladder diseases and early stage malignancy according to certain authors.[1–3] It is already the most common and widely applied laparoscopic intervention today.Acute cholecystitis is an inflammatory disease that generates urgent symptoms with exploration findings such as increased wall thickness of the gallbladder, edema and adherence of adjacent organs along with the omentum. Its most common cause is gallbladder stones. Acute cholecystitis is a serious condition and should be treated. Although laparoscopy was considered contraindicated in acute cholecystitis in the first years of laparoscopy, this opinion lost its validity in a short time.[3, 4]

Topographical anatomy is undergoing rapid development due to the introduction of innovative technologies and an in-depth understanding of the structure and functions of the human body. The article considers new and promising directions of operative surgery and topographic anatomy. It presents data on robotic systems, endoscopy, and laparoscopy, which allow performing complex operations with less trauma and faster patient recovery.

Оперативная хирургия и топографическая анатомия переживают период стремительного развития благодаря внедрению инновационных технологий и углубленному пониманию строения и функций человеческого организма. В статье рассмотрены новые и перспективные направления оперативной хирургии и топографической анатомии. Приведены данные о роботизированных системах, эндоскопии и лапароскопии которые позволяют выполнять сложные операции с меньшей травматичностью и более быстрым восстановлением пациентов.

Ovarian tumors in adolescents are bulky formations originating from epithelial, non—epithelial ovarian tissue and paraovarial elements detected in childhood or adolescence. They are often accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, disorders of the monthly cycle, an increase in the circumference of the abdomen, in some patients — early sexual development or masculinization. In 20% of cases, they are asymptomatic. It is diagnosed by rectoabdominal examination, ultrasound of the pelvic organs, laboratory determination of cancer markers, laparoscopy. We will look at modern treatment approaches such as hormone therapy, organ-preserving and radical interventions, supplemented by radiation and chemotherapy if necessary.

Acute adhesive intestinal obstruction (AAIO) remains one of the most urgent problems in pediatric surgery due to its high incidence, diagnostic complexity, and risk of recurrence. This study analyzes the etiology, diagnostic accuracy, and treatment outcomes of 231 pediatric patients with adhesive intestinal obstruction treated between 2018 and 2023. Early adhesive intestinal obstruction (EAIO) was observed mainly after destructive appendicitis and appendicular peritonitis, accounting for 49.3% of cases. Diagnostic comparison showed that ultrasonography demonstrated higher sensitivity (94.6%) and specificity (91.1%) compared with conventional radiography (85.7% and 90.0%, respectively).

Апикальный пролапс гениталий — одна из наиболее сложных форм опущения тазовых органов, характеризующаяся смещением купола влагалища, тела или шейки матки, нередко возникающая после гистерэктомии. Актуальность проблемы обусловлена её высокой распространённостью, отрицательным влиянием на качество жизни и частыми рецидивами. Цель обзора — обобщить современные данные о патогенезе, факторах риска и хирургических методах лечения апикального пролапса на основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований 2015–2024 гг., включая положения ведущих мировых гайдлайнов (ACOG, AUGS, NICE, FIGO). Установлено, что несостоятельность апикальной поддержки имеет многофакторную природу, связанную с дисплазией соединительной ткани, родовыми травмами и гормональными изменениями. Среди хирургических подходов наибольшую эффективность демонстрируют лапароскопическая промонтофиксация и передняя билатеральная сакроспинальная фиксация, обеспечивающие надёжную анатомическую коррекцию и удовлетворительные функциональные результаты.

The authors studied one of the pathogenetic factors of adhesive disease in 53 sick children, susceptibility to adhesive disease, and measures to prevent early adhesion formation. The susceptibility to conjunctivitis is observed in 50% of patients and is determined by an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood and a decrease in fibrinolysis. Accordingly, mitigation measures were taken and the possibility of early prevention of congestion was studied.

Despite the advances in intensive care and surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis, no significant progress has been achieved in the treatment of its severe form. Conservative treatment of severe pancreatitis results in almost 100% mortality, while surgical treatment reduces it to 30%. Severe pancreatitis includes patients with multiple organ failure and/or infected pancreatic necrosis. The recommendations of the International Association of Pancreatologists note that non-infected pancreatic necrosis accompanied by multiple organ failure in some cases should be surgically treated, while infected pancreatic necrosis is an indication for surgical treatment. In this case, both minimally invasive and various types of "open" surgical interventions can be used. Unfortunately, such guidelines are not always accepted and attempts are made to search for "special" forms of pancreatitis and hopes are placed on conservative, detoxifying and various types of minimally invasive interventions, which leads to late, not always adequate, dangerous manipulations and high mortality. In sterile necrosis, a conservative approach is generally accepted as long as there is a positive response to the treatment in the intensive care unit. Also, at this stage of acute pancreatitis, the available treatment experience allows us to assert the advantage of minimally invasive methods over traditional ones. Thus, there is no doubt about the effectiveness of removing toxic effusion from acute fluid accumulations of the pancreas under ultrasound or CT control and drainage of the abdominal cavity using video laparoscopy.

The authors studied one of the pathogenetic factors of adhesive disease in 53 sick children, susceptibility to adhesive disease, and measures to prevent early adhesion formation. The susceptibility to conjunctivitis is observed in 50% of patients and is determined by an increase in the concentration of fibrinogen in the blood and a decrease in fibrinolysis. Accordingly, mitigation measures were taken and the possibility of early prevention of congestion was studied.

Острая спаечная тонкокишечная непроходимость (ОСТКН) является одной из наиболее частых форм кишечной непроходимости, представляя значительные трудности в диагностике и выборе хирургической тактики. В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к диагностике ОСТКН, включая мультислайсную компьютерную томографию, ультразвуковое исследование и обзорную рентгенографию. Представлены результаты проспективного рандомизированного исследования 218 пациентов, проведена сравнительная оценка эффективности лапароскопического и лапаротомного адгезиолизиса. Впервые обсуждается использование биохимических маркеров, включая определение уровня оксипролина в плазме крови и моче, как дополнительного критерия для оценки степени фиброзного процесса. Сделан акцент на целесообразности применения малоинвазивных методов как диагностического, так и лечебного этапов.