This article shows three methods of studying the meanings of words – reference theory, component analysis and postulates of
meaning based on the analysis of different examples. In the process of translation, the fact that the translator does not understand the meaning of the word in the context of the original language, but the meaning of the word itself, causes problems such as the wrong translation of this word in the translation. It is this research that helps to overcome such a problem. The following results are presented in the research: reference theory cannot give the full meaning of the word, it is used together with the component analysis, the two analysis methods cannot give the meaning of the word in the context. The third - the method of analysis of meaning forms can determine the pragmatic and semantic features of the word, and this is convenient for the translator.

This article deals with proper names and their meaning, which became the field, where the most heated debates originate and in which specialist on linguistic and logic take place. The world of proper names is enormous. The problem of proper names is complicated and unsolved yet, linguists are interested in entity of proper names, its status, history, origin, their life in society and connection between a name and a human. Anthroponymy is investigated not only by linguists, but also other specialists, for instance by ethnographers, who study folks as communities with a distinctive culture. The issue of existence or absence of lexical meaning and   three concepts of proper names are considered in this article. Additionally, four components in the meaning of proper names are analyzed.

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей словарного запаса и процессов, с помощью которых слова изменяют своё значение на протяжении времени. Рассматриваются исторические, социальные и культурные факторы, влияющие на семантику слов, приводятся примеры из классической и современной лексикологии. Особое внимание уделено российским и зарубежным учёным, изучавшим изменения значения слов, а также механизмам, позволяющим языку оставаться живым и динамичным.

This article is devoted to the relationship between the form and meaning of a word, in which the meaning of a word and its relationship with the form are analyzed. General conclusions are presented based on the emergence of the nomination process and the views on this phenomenon in world and Uzbek linguistics. Special attention is paid to the importance of form in nomination.

This article is devoted to different stylistic devices to express emotive meaning in oral speech. There are different types of stylistic devices which are lexical and phonetical that we use in our usage of language. It is important to know meanings of used different devices. This article deals with understanding various devices according to the meaning in people’s daily speech.

This article examines the Intonation, the variation of pitch in spoken language, plays a crucial role in conveying meaning beyond the lexical and syntactic levels. This article explores how intonation functions as a key prosodic feature in communication, affecting sentence modality, speaker attitude, and discourse structure. Through analysis of intonational patterns and their semantic and pragmatic implications, the study highlights the integral relationship between phonetic features and linguistic meaning. Speech communities will vary in the extent to which they employ those meanings, and in the choices they make when they conflict. What they will never do, however, is change the natural form-function relations that they embody. By contrast, grammaticalised meanings often mimic the natural meanings, but linguistic change may create quite arbitrary form-meaning relations when forms are phonologised, and the semantics is systematised. English grammaticalised intonational meaning concerns information status.

From the standpoint of current linguistics, phraseological units may be classified based on their distinct characteristics. Phraseological units are classified based on their etymological, structural-semantic, and motivational-level significance, as well as which word group they are represented by in linguistic works. The wealth of Uzbek phraseology is as rich in national and borrowed, terminological and non-terminological units as the resource of English phraseology. Phraseological units, structural-semantic meaning, motivational level meaning, terminological units, and non-terminological units are key terms.

This article explores Cognitive-Semantic Linguistics, a subfield of cognitive linguistics that emphasizes the intrinsic connection between language, thought, and human experience. Rejecting the classical view of semantics as a direct mapping of language onto objective reality, this paradigm argues that meaning is shaped by cognition, embodiment, and cultural interaction. Key theoretical foundations include Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Image Schemas, Frame Semantics, and Mental Spaces, all of which illustrate how language reflects and structures human conceptualization. The article further discusses Cognitive Grammar, highlighting how grammar itself carries semantic weight, and explores the cross-cultural dimensions of metaphor and meaning. Practical applications span language education, political discourse analysis, artificial intelligence, and literary interpretation. While the approach faces critiques for its reliance on introspection and lack of formalization, it remains a powerful interdisciplinary framework for understanding how language functions as a mirror of the mind and a product of embodied, culturally situated experience.

A verb metaphor gives the substitute subject verb new meaning by describing the action in a different way.  This might be a jump to a related topic that enhances the intended meaning. It could also be done in purposeful contrast. Adverbial metaphors can further enrich verbal metaphors, which give action descriptions more nuance. Finding the vehicle first, then illustrative acts may be used to generate verb metaphors. As a result, verbs from the metaphor domain like "rickety" and "racy" may be employed to describe someone who has been transformed into an automobile. When the meaning and the metaphor diverge, this might be a purposeful, cynical contrast meant to draw attention to how the intended meaning is highlighted by contrast. In ordinary speech, a large number of verbs are metaphors. Therefore, despite its widespread use, "cutting someone off" does not actually signify cutting.[1:86]

Lexical meaning is not solely a reflection of referential content; it is deeply embedded in the cultural knowledge, cognitive categories, and social values of its speakers. This paper explores how lexical units encode culturally specific worldviews, and how cross-linguistic comparison reveals the profound interdependence of language and culture. Drawing on theoretical insights from Wilhelm von Humboldt, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, and Anna Wierzbicka, as well as the contemporary framework of cultural linguistics, the study argues that words carry with them more than semantic denotation—they function as cultural signposts that transmit ethical systems, spatial cognition, kinship relations, and collective emotions

This paper explores how antonymic relationships operate within scalar lexical sets, focusing on the phenomenon of graduonymy in the Uzbek language. While antonymy is typically understood as the opposition between two poles, many lexical fields in Uzbek reflect gradational meaning, forming ordered series such as kichik–o‘rtacha–katta (small–medium–large) or sovuq–salqin–issiq–jazirama (cold–cool–hot–scorching). These gradual oppositions complicate the traditional binary view of antonymy by introducing intermediate stages of meaning. Through semantic analysis of Uzbek adjectives and intensifiers, this study examines how scalar antonymic sets function in discourse, what their cognitive structures reveal about meaning organization, and how fuzzy boundaries affect their communicative use. The paper also considers implications for antonym typology and lexicographic treatment of non-binary oppositions in Uzbek.

Phraseological turnover conveys the figurative meaning of the entire turnover as a whole, resulting from the original meanings of words in various free combinations. In this article, phraseological units with the meaning "Madness" are considered from the point of view of a broad approach, that is, they include all groups of language units, as well as stable predicative phrases that have a figurative and expressive meaning.

This article explores the semantic function of speech sounds and phonemes from the perspective of modern linguistic theory. The research is based on structural, functional, and phonosemantic approaches and aims to clarify the role of phonemes in meaning differentiation and interpretation. Although phonemes are traditionally regarded as units without independent meaning, the study demonstrates that they perform an essential semantic function by distinguishing lexical and grammatical meanings. The article analyzes scholars’ views on the relationship between sound and meaning and highlights the significance of sound symbolism and phonosemantics. Descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods are employed to reveal the indirect yet fundamental contribution of phonemes to semantic organization in language.

Qaraqalpaq tilinde sanlıq penen atlıq sózlerdiń ortasında muǵdar mánisin berip keletuǵın sózler kópshilikti quraydı. Bunday sózler numerativler dep ataladı. Maqalada qaraqalpaq til iliminde arnawlı túrde úyrenilmegen numerativler hám olardıń túrleri úyreniledi hám mısallar menen tiykarlap beriledi

Our modern rapidly developing society requires to exchange the relationship around the world ,a part of this in the sphere of comparative translation. As for the verbs indicating the part of the body used to make the movement is one of the huge parts of the language translation. In this article we are going to observe the translation system of English and Uzbek languages and the analyses of scientists of this sphere.

This paper explores the role of connotative semantics in encoding and transmitting cultural values through language. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from linguocultural studies and semantic theory, the study analyzes how lexical units in the Uzbek language convey not only denotative meanings but also evaluative, emotional, and symbolic associations deeply rooted in national culture. Through a qualitative examination of selected culturally significant words, the paper demonstrates the interrelation between connotative meaning and shared cultural codes. Comparative insights from English and Russian help highlight cross-linguistic convergences and divergences in the semantic expression of values.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek va turk tillaridagi tasdiq va inkor gaplarning umumiy va farqli jihatlarini tadqiq etish maqsad qilingan. Avvalo, qiyoslanayotgan tillardagi tasdiq va inkor mazmunini ifoda etgan o‘zbek va turk tilshunosligidagi gap-so’zlarning ta’rifi va talqini masalasi o‘rganilgan. Keyin har ikki tildagi inkor gaplarni shakllantirgan qo’shimcha va birikmalar solishtirilib o‘rganilgan. Ba’zi vaziyatlarda shaklan tasdiq gaplarning inkor ma’nosini bildirgani, inkor gaplarning tasdiq ma’nosini ifodalagani qayd etilgan. Ya’ni qiyoslangan tillardagi tasdiq va inkor gaplarda matn tarkibida ba’zan semantik-formal nomuvofiqlik o‘rtaga chiqqani kuzatildi. Maqolada analiz, qiyoslash, sintez, umumlashtirish, ta’riflash, metodlari qo‘llanilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida o‘zbek va turk tillaridagi tasdiq va inkor gaplarni shakllantiruvchi grammatik qo‘shimchalar va vositalar o‘rtasidagi umumiy va farqli xususiyatlar o‘rganilgan. Shuningdek, semantik-formal jihatdan tasdiq va inkor nomuvofiqligini ta’minlagan tasdiq va inkor gaplarni hosil qilgan vositalar tavsiflangan.

This article is devoted to the description of significant peculiarities in meaning of anthroponyms. Anthroponyms of any language have their own peculiarities, however, in cultural-historic process the anthroponyms of different linguistic culture influenced each other. Anthroponyms have some peculiarities in their meaning, which are connected with linguistic, cultural and social factors. What is more, anthroponyms are connected with individual’s skills, his culture, history and his religion.

Phraseologism, phraseological turn or phraseme is a stable phrase characteristic of a certain language, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words that make up its composition. Phraseological units are studied by phraseology. Often the grammatical meaning of phraseological units does not meet the norms of the modern language, but is grammatical archaisms. Examples of such expressions in Russian would be: “stay on your toes”, “kick back”, “fight back”, “play the fool”, “point of view”, “without a king in your head”, “soul to soul”, “sewn by whites” threads" and the like.

This article examines the concepts of lexical and grammatical meaning within the field of morphology and provides a detailed analysis of the morphemic structure of the English language. It explores how morphemes function as the smallest meaningful units of language and discusses their classifications, including free and bound, derivational and inflectional types. The study analyzes the interaction between lexical content and grammatical structure, showing how English expresses meaning through both root morphemes and affixation. The findings highlight the importance of morphological analysis in understanding word formation, semantic development, and syntactic organization in English.

Proverbs are phrases or sentences created by the people on the basis of life experience, which usually have an instructive content, have a concise image, complete meaning and wisdom. The more we study these proverbs and sayings, the less we learn them, because through proverbs we feel the whole life activity of our ancestors, their feelings, dreams and thoughts, and draw conclusions from them as necessary. Also, among our proverbs, we use numbers and quantities as examples and comparisons to express our effectiveness. This article is based on a number of scientific observations about proverbs expressing number and quantity, their meaning, content, and use.  

Idiomatic expressions represent one of the most complex challenges in translation, as their figurative meanings rarely correspond directly across languages. This thesis investigates the translation of idioms between English and Uzbek, focusing on the negotiation of cultural meaning and communicative intent. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks from Nida, Newmark, Baker, and Venuti, as well as Uzbek scholars such as Qo‘chqorov and Yo‘ldoshev, the study analyzes idioms in both directions: English into Uzbek and Uzbek into English. Through detailed case studies, the research highlights how literal translation often fails, while functional equivalence, adaptation, cultural substitution, and descriptive translation provide more effective solutions. The findings underscore the translator’s role as a cultural mediator and emphasize the need for idiomatic competence in translation training programs in Uzbekistan. By situating idiom translation within the broader field of intercultural communication, the paper demonstrates that translation is more than a transfer of words; it is the transfer of meaning, culture, and worldview.

The article researches the fact that phraseological units are considered in three directions: as part of the semantic, structured, expressive stylistic system, the basis of the formation of which are different linguistic processes. Phraseological expressions are only phrases with literal the value of the components. The phraseological expressions include numerous English proverbs and sayings that apply in the literal sense, do not have a figurative allegorical meaning The subject of the article is semantic and structural properties, phraseological units, with the meaning of human intelligence. Article also provides the study the concept of "phraseological unit" and its main characteristics, consider the existing classifications of phraseological units.

Ushbu maqoladа o‘zbek leksemasining assotsiativ ma’no xususiyati ochib berildi. O‘zbek tili egalari ustida o‘tkazilgan assotsiativ tajriba asosida ushbu so‘zning  lug‘aviy va assotsiativ ma’nolariga tavsif berildi. Assotsiativ tajriba asosida so‘z ma’nolarining til egalari assotsiatsiyalarida voqelanishi dalillandi.

Words are divided into 4 types according to their form and meaning: homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms. From these units, synonyms and antonyms are combined according to their meaning, and homonyms and paronyms are combined according to their form. We will think about all this in this article.