This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the respiratory system, covering its anatomy, mechanics, and the regulatory processes involved in breathing. It delves into the significance of respiratory health, including common disorders and preventive measures. The aim is to offer readers a thorough understanding of the intricate symphony that sustains life through the continuous exchange of gases in the respiratory system.

The COVID pandemic has forcefully turned the spotlight on the importance of the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Viruses have always been a frequent and common cause of respiratory tract infections. Rapid molecular diagnostics applied to the diagnostics of respiratory virus infections has revolutionized microbiology laboratories only a few years ago. Few studies illustrate the epidemiology of respiratory viruses, and fewer still those that have compared the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period. During the first year of the pandemic (2020–2021) it was clear to everyone to witness a sudden disappearance of the circulation of all the other respiratory viruses, especially those typically isolated during the winter time, such as RSV and Influenza virus.

This article provides a detailed understanding of acute respiratory failure, classification, clinic, hypoxia and its types. In addition, information on the mechanisms of hypoxemia, hypercapnia development, general principles of respiratory therapy was given, and the above topics were discussed.

Acute respiratory diseases are the most common among all diseases. Given the variety of symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections, various groups of drugs are used to treat them, however, combined drugs are popular among the population and clinic doctors. This is "Grippomix" - a combined drug containing paracytamol, rimantadine, cetirizine, ascarbic acid, the effectiveness and safety of which was studied in this study. The presence of almost all the necessary active ingredients in a single form used for the complex treatment of acute respiratory viral infections contributed to an increase in patients' compliance with treatment, facilitating the clinical course of the disease, reducing the risk of complications. This helps to reduce the need for antibiotic therapy.

This study explores the effectiveness of antibiotic-free treatment in managing lower respiratory tract infections in children by focusing on immune system support. Conducted in Tashkent from 2023 to 2024, the research compared traditional antibiotic-based therapiyes with natural approaches involving VISION vitamin complexes, probiotics, and phytotherapy. Results indicate that antibiotic-free treatment reduces inflammation, accelerates recovery by up to 30%, and minimizes reinfection rates compared to traditional methods. The biological mechanisms of action of VISION vitamin complexes, including immune cell stimulation, inflammation suppression, and gut microbiota balance restoration, were analyzed. This approach shows significant promise for addressing antibiotic resistance and enhancing long-term health outcomes in pediatric patiyents.

Влияние климата на распространение неинфекционных заболеваний (НИЗ) вызывает растущую озабоченность в исследованиях общественного здравоохранения. Климатические факторы, такие как температура, осадки и влажность, могут прямо или косвенно влиять на заболеваемость и распространенность различных НИЗ, включая сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, респираторные заболевания и некоторые виды рака. Понимание сложной взаимосвязи между динамикой климата и природой НИЗ имеет важное значение для разработки эффективных стратегий профилактики и смягчения глобального бремени этих заболеваний для здоровья. В этой статье рассматриваются текущие данные о влиянии климата на распространенность НИЗ и обсуждаются потенциальные механизмы, лежащие в основе этих связей, подчеркивая важность адаптации к изменению климата и устойчивости в политике и практике общественного здравоохранения.

Холестатический гепатоз беременных (ХГБ) - наиболее частая патология печени во время беременности. Данное заболевание имеет сложный многофакторный патогенез. Основным клиническим проявлением является кожный зуд без кожных высыпаний. ХГБ приводит к развитию таких осложнений беременности, как преждевременные роды, тяжелый респираторный дистресс-синдром, часто сопровождаемый мекониальным окрашиванием околоплодных вод. Эти осложнения течения беременности и перинатального периода сопровождаются высокой перинатальной заболеваемостью и смертностью. В этой статье нами описаны два случая беременности, осложненной внутрипеченочным холестазом, с ранней неонатальной гибелью новорожденных в двух перинатальных центрах г. Ташкента. Проведенное анамнестическое, клиническое и патоморфологическое изучение, а также выявление возможных предикторов перинатальной смерти новорожденных от матерей с холестатическим гепатозом беременных в будущем позволят предотвращать негативные исходы.

ОРВИ (острая респираторная вирусная инфекция) - это массовая вирусная инфекция, заболеть которым может любой человек, вспышки которой чаще наблюдаются зимой и ранней весной. Возбудителем гриппа является вирус, который от инфицированных людей попадает в носоглотку окружающих. Грипп отличается от многих инфекционных заболеваний легкостью передачи от больного человека к здоровому - воздушно-капельным путем вызывая заболевание спустя сутки после заражения. Профилактика гриппа и ОРВИ  - это комплекс мероприятий, направленных на предупреждение инфицирования организма человека вирусами, вызывающими заболевание.

SARS is the most common pathology in both children and adults, especially in the winter period of diseases. Inflammation of the mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tract is accompanied by hypersecretion of viscous mucus, edema of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, impaired mucociliary transport and bronchial obstruction. Inflammation of the mucous membrane occurs with the participation of humoral and cellular mediators of inflammation, the main role in this case belongs to the cellular mediator - eicosanoids.

Tracheal intubation in children with a clinic of increasing obstruction of the upper respiratory tract is a forced, often resuscitation measure to prevent asphyxia. This option of restoring the patency of the upper respiratory tract of children with acute stenosing laryngotracheitis (OSLT) has a number of advantages over tracheostomy (less traumatic, simplicity and greater efficiency), but it is not without significant drawbacks.

In the cardio-rheumatology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Children's Clinical Center, we studied clinical and electrocardiographic analysis of 50 young patients with non-rheumatic myocarditis in the last 2020-2021. 86% of young children with a history of acute respiratory infection. Of the clinical symptoms of non-rheumatic myocarditis, general weakness was 88%, profuse sweating was 86%, cough was 50%, redness of the lips and nose was 58%, and white marble skin was 76%. Heart tones were observed in all patients. "gallop rhythm" was 32%.

Chronic purulent rhinosinusitis (CPRS) is one of the most prevalent upper respiratory tract diseases, with a significant impact on patients, particularly when combined with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Obesity, as part of metabolic syndrome (MS), exacerbates the clinical course of CPRS by promoting systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. This study aims to analyze the clinical, immunological, and biochemical features of CPRS in patients with and without metabolic syndrome.

Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) – серьезная медицинская проблема. По данным исследования Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), распространенность ХОБЛ в популяции 15,3%. Установлены внешние и внутренние факторы риска ХОБЛ. Для пациентов с ХОБЛ существенным является влияние болезни на их повседневную деятельность, так как болезнь часто сопровождается одним или более сопутствующими заболеваниями и/или системными эффектами. Повышенные маркеры воспаления значимо ассоциируются с повышением смертности от любых причин среди больных ХОБЛ, а увеличение физической активности снижает уровень системного воспаления. Отмечается, что значение пищевых волокон также может быть связано с их противовоспалительным и антиоксидантным действием.

Four years have passed since WHO declared the coronavirus a pandemic. During this time, the disease claimed the lives of 6.8 million people. The SARS CoV 2 virus is highly variable and is expected to disappear over time, becoming an endemic infection similar to other respiratory infections. Corneal transplantation is a surgical treatment aimed at restoring the optical and structural properties of a pathologically altered cornea. Exogenous and endogenous causes can lead to transplant rejection, a sharp decrease in vision and subsequent impairment of the patient's ability to work.

Chronic tonsillitis (CT) is considered one of the most common diseases among pregnant women. A chronic pathological process localized in the palatine tonsils becomes a focus of constant pathological impulses. Assessment of the state of the function of the fetoplacental complex in this cohort of patients is relevant at the present time. Development of prognostic criteria for the development of perinatal pathology, which allow timely therapeutic and preventive interventions are an important factor in improving patient birth outcomes.

This article describes the frequency of dental diseases in patients with bronchial asthma, upper respiratory tract permeability disorders in patients with bronchial asthma, types of allergens, clinical signs, treatment and preventive measures.

Air pollution from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM2.5) presents a complex environmental challenge shaped by multiple pollutants. Despite concerted efforts in the last twenty years, air quality continues to pose serious risks to both human health and environmental stability. Exposure to VOCs and PM2.5 indoors can lead to significant health issues, including respiratory illnesses, leukemia, birth defects, and miscarriages. Therefore, advancing indoor air purification technologies is essential to reduce these harmful effects. This article examines the latest trends, innovations, and potential future developments in indoor air purification methods.

This informative article delves into the multifaceted functions of sphincters in the human body. Acting as dynamic gatekeepers, sphincters are circular muscles strategically placed in various organs and systems to regulate the controlled flow of substances. The article explores the anatomy and different types of sphincters, ranging from muscular and smooth muscle sphincters to striated muscle sphincters, each serving unique roles. It delves into specific sphincters within the gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, elucidating their roles in maintaining homeostasis. The article also addresses the crucial role of sphincters in preventing disorders and dysfunctions, emphasizing their significance in clinical interventions. By providing a comprehensive overview, this article serves as a valuable resource for understanding the intricate functions of sphincters in the human body.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals each year. While primarily known as a respiratory disease, TB can also impact the central nervous system (CNS), leading to serious neurological complications. This article provides an overview of the damage caused by TB to the CNS, encompassing various manifestations such as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculoma, and spinal TB. Through a review of current literature, the mechanisms of CNS involvement in TB, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies are discussed. Understanding the neurological consequences of TB is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective management, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing morbidity associated with this devastating disease.

The main reason for this disease is that vaccination is a rare procedure for cats in our country. This disease affects the respiratory system. Kittens and adult cats are at the highest risk.

Four years have passed since WHO declared the coronavirus a pandemic. During this time, the disease claimed the lives of 6.8 million people. The SARS CoV 2 virus is highly variable and is expected to disappear over time, becoming an endemic infection similar to other respiratory infections. Corneal transplantation is a surgical treatment aimed at restoring the optical and structural properties of a pathologically altered cornea. Exogenous and endogenous causes can lead to transplant rejection, a sharp decrease in vision and subsequent impairment of the patient's ability to work.

Taking care of your oral health goes beyond just a bright smile and fresh breath. Studies have shown a clear link between gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, and various chronic diseases. Gum disease is inflammation of the gums caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth. If left untreated, gum disease can lead to tooth loss and even affect your overall health. Research has shown that gum disease increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, and even some types of cancer. This connection may be due to the fact that bacteria from gum disease can enter your bloodstream and travel to other parts of your body, causing inflammation and damage.

The human microbiome consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes that inhabit both the internal and external surfaces of the body. These microorganisms play a significant role in human physiology, influencing health and disease by enhancing or impairing metabolic and immune functions. Different microorganisms colonize various body sites, each adapting to the unique characteristics of its environment. Facultative anaerobes are more common in the gastrointestinal tract, while strict aerobes dominate areas like the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin. The immune system and these indigenous microbes have evolved together, leading to a balanced biological interaction. Disruptions in the gut microbial community, often influenced by lifestyle or underlying diseases, contribute to various health issues. Such dysbiosis increases susceptibility to infections, which vary depending on the affected anatomical site. The diversity of the human microbiota is responsible for the specific metabolic functions at each body site. Thus, understanding the composition and activities of the human microbiome is crucial for insights into its role in health and disease.

This review provides an overview of the potential of probiotics as a clinical intervention for infectious diseases by examining research and development efforts over the past two decades, as reflected in patents and clinical trials. Data were collected from patent and clinical trial databases to assess the long- and short-term trends in probiotics research. Analysis included the total number of patents and trials for each indication, application dates and locations, and types of applicants/sponsors. A total of 22 infectious diseases were investigated, resulting in 82 patents and 65 clinical trials targeting 18 indications. A consistent increase was observed in the number of patents and clinical trials since 1999, with the highest number focusing on digestive tract, respiratory, and urogenital indications. The findings indicate significant interest in probiotics for infectious diseases, aligning with reported unmet needs and global probiotics sales estimates. However, a decreasing rate of translation from patents to clinical trials suggests potential barriers in the research process.

Rigid hydrothorax is a condition characterized by persistent fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, which can cause significant narrowing of lung volume and complications in respiratory function. This condition has serious clinical significance and requires timely intervention.