Based on the analysis of grinding process datacomponents of solid domestic waste at ball mills, a list of factors affecting the efficiency of the process of grinding solid domestic waste has been determined. Using the dimensional analysis method. made it possible to determine a list of similarity criteria and draw up a criterion equation for the process of grinding municipal solid waste in ball mills. On the basis of process similarity indicators and scale factors, a physical model of a ball mill is constructed. The data obtained on physical models can be easily transferred to a full-scale object.

This article presents ideas about the fact that individual metaphors, which are one of the means of enhancing the impressive imagery of artistic prose, are rounded off by their non-repetition in conveying ideas to others. Scientific views of scientists about metaphor are shown. Examples of metaphors of general similarity and image similarity, which are the basis for the formation of individual metaphors in artistic works, are presented and analyzed.

The treatment of laryngeal diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach. However, choosing the right treatment strategy largely depends on an adequate diagnosis of all nuances of the disease. The similarity of the clinical and endoscopic presentation of laryngeal lesions does not always allow for a definitive diagnosis. In these cases, computed tomography (CT) of the larynx helps. However, it is difficult for clinicians to determine the appropriate CT examination option, including intravenous contrast enhancement, which necessitates the development of guidelines.

This article is about the developing tourism and scientific research in our country today is the most diverse activity in the direction. Regardless of the interdependence of languages, a study that examines the degree of similarity of their structure the properties of the method that return to the field are shown

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between petitions and complaints in criminal proceedings, as well as the principles governing their application. The author considers the functional similarity of these legal means as a tool for protecting the rights of participants in the process. Attention is paid to the principle of the right to appeal against procedural actions and decisions, which is fundamental for both categories. In addition, the principle of adversarial proceedings is discussed, which ensures the equality of the parties and their active participation in the judicial process. The article also analyzes the imbalance in the rights of the parties at different stages of the criminal process and emphasizes the need to ensure equal opportunities for filing petitions and complaints, which is key to justice and the protection of the rights of participants.

This article provides an in-depth examination of metaphor and metonymy as fundamental cognitive and linguistic mechanisms. While traditionally regarded as stylistic devices limited to literature, contemporary linguistic theories—particularly those originating from cognitive linguistics—demonstrate that both metaphor and metonymy play a central role in structuring human thought, conceptualization, and communicative behavior. The study analyzes the semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive distinctions between these two tropes and illustrates their functional significance in discourse, terminology, sociolinguistic communication, and language pedagogy. The findings highlight that metaphor enables cross-domain conceptual mapping, whereas metonymy operates within a single domain through associative contiguity. The article concludes by emphasizing the necessity of incorporating figurative-language instruction into modern language-teaching curricula to enhance learners’ communicative competence and conceptual awareness.

In the work, monochloromethane was selected for heating (at high temperature) in an air- absorbed environment. Methods of selecting a binding component for a catalyst that has a low catalytic activity and retains the characteristic of selective action are shown . Experiments were carried out in a catalyst bed reactor at temperatures of 400-500℃ and a volumetric rate of monochloromethane of 450-2000 h^-1. In the process Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-20; Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-30 catalysts were used. In the Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-20 sample, the conversion of monochloromethane was 66%, after 500 min, up to 42% of the monochloromethane conversion in Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-20, Mg-P-Zr And in Fe/YukS-30 it decreased to 36%. Al ₂ O ₃ was recommended to be used as a binder component, but the introduction of a binder led to a decrease in activity. The acidic properties of ammonia were studied using the method of thermoprogrammed desorption of ammonia. The regeneration process of the deactivated catalyst in the pyrolysis of monochloromethane was carried out using the method of combustion in air flow. Unreacted monochloromethane and reaction products were determined by the GSX method. In addition, the total selectivity of ∑C ₂ -C ₃ in Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-30 is 6.75 mol% higher than in Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-20, and both Mg-P-Zr-Fe/ The activity of YuKS-20 and Mg-P-Zr-Fe/YukS-30 catalysts decreases to 36.8% and 36.6% after 500 min of operation, which indicates the similarity in their deactivation. The purpose of the work is to create a bond for a slightly higher catalytically active and selective catalyst, which is separately isolated for the heating process of monochloromethane in an air-absorbed, i.e., vacuum environment, by slowly increasing the temperature. consists in choosing the constituent component.

Face recognition works great when the lighting is good, but once things get dark, performance drops fast. This project looks at a simple fix — instead of retraining complicated models or using special hardware, I designed a lightweight pre-processing step that cleans up low-light images so face recognition systems can handle them better. The module uses a basic U-Net setup and learns to improve image quality while keeping the important details that define someone’s face. I tested the system on low-light images created from public datasets, and it showed a clear improvement in recognition, boosting identity similarity by over 36%. It also runs fast enough for real-time use, even on average hardware.

The article briefly reveals some views of the famous medieval scientist-encyclopedist Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980-1037) on physics geometric optics. Based on the study of Natural Sciences from the physical part of the treatise “nature shavings” (“Kurozai natural”), devoted to the problems of physics. Khalifa Al-Ma'un (IX-century) "house of wisdom" ("Beth al-hikma" - "ﻪﻣﮑﺣ ﺕﻳﺑ") in Baghdad about the Academy Ma'liumat.

This article provides feedback on Uzbek and English folklore, as well as folklore. The importance of the linguistic-cultural approach in the analysis of language is also emphasized, and the generality of these ideological and artistic principles in the genres of English and Uzbek folklore, the commonalities of genres and the principles of historical similarity of English and Uzbek folklore genres. The problems of language and culture, the interdependence, connection and interaction of cultures are cultural phenomena and have a special scientific significance in linguistics.

The acquisition of English grammar by second language learners is significantly influenced by the structural, typological, and cognitive properties of their native language. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as native language influence or cross-linguistic transfer, has been widely examined within the field of second language acquisition. The present thesis explores how native language structures affect learners’ acquisition of English grammatical features such as tense, aspect, word order, articles, and prepositions. Drawing on empirical findings from contrastive analysis, error analysis, and interlanguage studies, the thesis demonstrates that native language influence can both facilitate and hinder English grammar acquisition depending on the degree of similarity between the native language and English. The study synthesizes established research to highlight pedagogical implications for teaching English grammar to multilingual learners.

The media, in particular, the press, is the main source of information about the situation in the world today, about the events that are taking place in it, and in many cases includes "negative" news. In order to soften or obliterate information, which has a negative nature, which is presented by the media, indirect means of re– naming in the press-euphemisms are used. The problem of adequacy and equivalence of translation is one of the pressing problems of modern translation studies. One of the main tasks of the translator is to convey the content of the original as completely as possible, and, as a rule, the actual similarity of the content of the original and the translation is very significant

Word categories are groups of words in the language that are distinguished based on the presence of a common categorical meaning in them (subjectivity in nouns, action-state in verbs), a single system of grammatical categories, specific word changes, forms and types of word formation, common syntactic tasks (in some literature, "lexicogrammatical categories of words" also called). So, when dividing words into groups, categories, the similarity of their syntactic, morphological and spiritual (semantic) features is taken into account. Phrases are primarily divided into 2 main groups: independent Phrases and non-independent Phrases

The article proposes a method and algorithm for constructing an informative phase, which is one of the most important issues of symbol recognition. All the concepts related to the problems of symbol recognition have been attempted to be expressed in a logical perfection, mathematical clarity and simplicity. The main issue of classification of symbols⁇, the formation of the phase of informative signs, the determination of the levels of importance of the objects and symbols of the study sample were thoroughly analyzed. The Fisher functional elements used to determine the values of the proximity function in the informative signs phase Upper and lower bounds of the similarity function between objects are identified and supporting data is provided.

Linguistics is an independent science that studies the language of mankind, studies the emergence and development of language, language and thought, the relationship between language and society, the role of language in society, its internal structure - the classification of language, the methods of its analysis and the like. In this article, the abbreviations that are considered to be the part of linguistics, the concepts of abbreviation, the rules of their legalization, as well as the aspects of difference and similarity, are discussed.

In the historical morphology of the Uzbek language, the historical development of the diminutive-petting form in pure Turkish words and the changes in the sound content of some of them as forms become obsolete, as well as the cases of mutual meaning and similarity of diminutive-petting suffixes are described in this article.

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the lexical-semantic features of somatic synonyms in Uzbek and Turkish languages. Words related to body parts have existed in both languages since ancient times and form a broad semantic network. The article investigates the synonymous variants of these units based on phonetic, semantic, and historical criteria. Using data from ancient Turkic written monuments, modern dictionaries, and corpus materials, the formation, functions, and stylistic differences of somatic synonyms are analyzed. Additionally, similarities and differences between synonymous units in Turkish and their equivalents in Uzbek are identified. The study aims to determine the semantic relationships, lexical system positions, and historical roots of somatic synonyms in Uzbek and Turkish. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the development of vocabulary in Turkic languages.

This paper considers the linguistic analysis of kinship terms on the example of English and Uzbek languages. This paper discusses various approaches to the study of these terms, their classification and criteria for their selection. Kinship determines social relations, determines the place of a person in society and corrects his behavior. Moreover, the terms of kinship and properties reflect the originality of the language, the specifics of the national path, and therefore characterize the national mentality. The terms of kinship belong to one of the most ancient layers of vocabulary, since the establishment of kinship relations took place in parallel with the formation and development of society itself.