The struggle for existence is a universal topic that appears in Steinbeck’s writings as well. Steinbeck’s works are full of characters who struggle to make both ends meet as migrant farmers during the Great Depression. He admired those who worked hard and lived honourably. The characters were given Steinbeck’s voice and vibe. Their flaws, struggle for survival, and unwavering courage are not only theirs but also Steinbeck's. Even though the fact that he authored fiction, his characters are realistic in their portrayals of contemporary America. The Grapes of Wrath earned Steinbeck both praise and scorn. It’s based on the American Great Depression, which ran from 1929 to 1939.

The article discusses the beginning of the New Uzbek Renaissance era, associated with the development of national culture, traditions, and values. The author emphasizes the importance of books and libraries in forming national spiritual consciousness and provides examples of support for libraries and young readers from President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The article also describes the historical role of the Jadids in the development of education and enlightenment in Turkestan, their efforts to establish new schools, libraries, and publish textbooks. Examples of prominent figures such as Ismail Gasprinsky and Obidjon Mahmudov, who significantly contributed to the development of national education and culture, are provided. The author notes the importance of economic independence and the role of the Jadids in the struggle for political and cultural independence of Turkestan.

This article examines the influence of collective creative activity on the formation and development of a student’s personal qualities in Russian language lessons. Collective creative activities are, first of all, the full-blooded life of the teacher and student, and at the same time, their common struggle to improve the life around them. In this life, in this struggle, teachers act as senior comrades to students, acting with them and ahead of them.

Dividing different methods of struggle according to their common characteristics (classifications) allows professionals to develop theoretical and practical knowledge about the science and at the same time helps to identify gaps in this knowledge. In wrestling, the athlete's technical movements are different and different from other sports due to their diversity.  This article deals with the issues of classification, system and basic terminology of kurash struggle methods. Provides valuable recommendations on learning techniques and the use of kurash terminology.

This article explores the life and literary contribution of Jack London, a famous American author whose writings are deeply rooted in his own experiences of struggle, social issues, and the quest for a better existence. Born in 1876, London’s formative years were filled with poverty and neglect, shaping the themes of his later works. His novels, such as “The Sea-Wolf” and “Martin Eden”, explore powerful ideas of survival, ambition, and social injustice. Even after gaining fame, London grappled with financial difficulties and a sense of disillusionment with society, prompting him to challenge the hypocrisy of the wealthy in his autobiographical essay, “What Life Means to Me”.

This article explores the complex relationship between society and the individual in Said Ahmad’s novel Ufq and George Orwell’s 1984. Both writers, though from different cultural and historical contexts, address the tension between personal freedom and collective control. Said Ahmad reflects the moral and social challenges of Uzbek society during the Soviet era, emphasizing the individual’s struggle against ideological conformity. Orwell, in contrast, portrays the extreme consequences of totalitarian power, exposing mechanisms of surveillance, censorship, and thought control. The comparative analysis highlights universal motifs of resistance, conformity, and identity under oppressive systems. By examining ideological motives, the article uncovers how literature functions as a critical tool to question authority, preserve human dignity, and reveal hidden contradictions in social life. Ultimately, both texts illuminate the timeless struggle between power structures and individual autonomy

This article explores the eternal struggle between man and nature in Ernest Hemingway’s “The old man and the sea”.The novel presents a profound philosoptical perspective on human perseverance dignity and the relentless forces of nature. By analyzing Santiago’s character his battle with the marlin and the symbolic role of nature the paper delves into Hemingway’s portrayal of human endurance and existential challanges the study also discusses how Hemingway’s minimalis + style enhances the novel’s themes making it a timeless litarary masterpice.

This article presents a comparative analysis of two powerful realist novels—Tess of the d’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy and O‘tkan kunlar by Abdulla Qodiriy. Through their portrayal of tragic heroines, both works highlight how women face injustice, pressure, and sacrifice in traditional societies. Although the novels are rooted in different cultural and historical contexts, they share a common message: the struggle for dignity and independence in a world dominated by strict moral norms and patriarchal values. This study explores the themes, stylistic techniques, and cultural reflections that make these novels timeless and socially significant.

Motivation plays a crucial role in the process of second language learning and significantly influences learners’ progress, persistence, and achievement. Despite the availability of modern teaching methods and digital learning tools, many language learners struggle to maintain long-term motivation, which negatively affects their learning outcomes. This thesis examines the key motivational challenges faced by second language learners, including fear of making mistakes, lack of clear goals, slow progress, and limited opportunities for real-life language use. The paper also explores both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors and proposes effective strategies for increasing learner motivation. These strategies include goal-setting, learner autonomy, communicative practice, supportive learning environments, and meaningful feedback. Understanding and addressing motivational issues is essential for improving language learning effectiveness and learner success.

The article analyzes the positive and negative aspects of technology for human and social life. It is studied that technology and humanity are interrelated like the unity of opposites in philosophy and the law of struggle. Also, the concepts of techno-optimism and techno-pessimism were scientifically and philosophically evaluated and necessary conclusions were drawn.

Speaking is widely recognized as one of the most challenging skills in second language acquisition (SLA). While learners at the B1 level have reached an intermediate stage of competence, they often struggle with fluency, accuracy, and confidence. This research aims to explore effective pedagogical and technological interventions to improve B1 learners’ speaking performance. The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, comparing traditional instruction with communicative, task-based, and technology-supported strategies. Pre- and post-test speaking assessments, classroom observations, learner reflections, and teacher feedback will be used to evaluate effectiveness. The outcomes are expected to contribute to SLA theory and provide actionable guidelines for educators and curriculum designers.

This article explores the role of Jack London in the development of Realism in American literature, particularly focusing on his adventure fiction. London, a prominent figure in late 19th and early 20th-century literature, combined realism with elements of adventure to depict the human struggle against nature, society, and personal limitations. Through his famous works like The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Martin Eden, London captures the essence of individualism, survival, and the harsh realities of both human and animal existence. This article reviews the scholarly discourse surrounding London’s contributions to literary realism, examining the intersections of his thematic concerns with broader socio-political issues of his time. Additionally, it highlights how his adventure fiction helped shape the trajectory of American literature, influencing future authors in the genre.

This article examines the instructional and cultural challenges faced by novice teachers in multilingual classrooms, with a focus on language scaffolding and culturally responsive teaching. Drawing from theoretical frameworks such as Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy, it highlights the necessity of equipping novice educators with practical tools and training in scaffolding techniques, including teacher talk, problem-based learning (PBL), and digital scaffolding. The paper also explores how cultural responsiveness, student-centered pedagogy, and multicultural curriculum development are critical for fostering inclusive learning environments. The review underscores that without sufficient preparation in cultural sensitivity and instructional adaptability, novice teachers may struggle to meet the linguistic and socio-cultural needs of their students. It concludes by recommending targeted professional development and pre-service training to enhance teacher readiness for diverse classrooms.

Walker's works are known for their portrayals of the Black woman's life. She depicts vividly the sexism, racism, and poverty that often make that life a struggle. But she also portrays, as part of that life, the strengths of family, community, self-worth, and spirituality. Many of her novels depict women in other periods of history than our own. This article gives essential information about activism of Walker and just as with nonfiction women's history writing, such portrayals give a sense of the differences and similarities of the women's condition today and in that other time.

This article offers a comparative analysis of Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and Yangi Saodat by Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy. Despite differing cultural contexts—industrial England and Central Asia—both novels portray characters struggling between personal freedom and societal expectations. Lawrence focuses on emotional conflict within a working-class family, while Niyoziy emphasizes education’s role in reforming feudal society. The study explores themes of realism, social reform, and personal struggle, showing how each work reflects and challenges early 20th-century norms, contributing to broader discussions on individual autonomy and social change.

This research paper explores the fundamental shifts in criminal law necessitated by the rapid expansion of the digital landscape. As traditional legal frameworks struggle to keep pace with sophisticated cyber-attacks, this study identifies gaps in current penal legislation. The research analyzes the redefinition of the crime scene, challenges of digital identification, and the necessity for a globalized approach to criminal justice.

Speaking is widely recognized as one of the most challenging skills in second language acquisition (SLA). While learners at the B1 level have reached an intermediate stage of competence, they often struggle with fluency, accuracy, and confidence. This research aims to explore effective pedagogical and technological interventions to improve B1 learners’ speaking performance. The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, comparing traditional instruction with communicative, task-based, and technology-supported strategies. Pre- and post-test speaking assessments, classroom observations, learner reflections, and teacher feedback will be used to evaluate effectiveness. The outcomes are expected to contribute to SLA theory and provide actionable guidelines for educators and curriculum designers.

According to Flower and Hayes ­­­[1981;365-387], writing is a cognitive process that involves planning, translating ideas into written words, and reviewing the final product. At the B1 level, learners are expected to be able to produce coherent written texts, but they often struggle with organizing their ideas in a logical sequence. The first step in effective writing is generating ideas, which can be challenging for intermediate learners. However, several techniques can be used to facilitate this process.

This paper explores the intertwined ideals of love and loyalty in Medieval English chivalric literature, emphasizing their ethical, religious, and cultural dimensions. Rooted in the medieval chivalric code, these virtues represented not only the moral essence of knighthood but also reflected the spiritual aspirations of society. Through an analysis of key works such as Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Knight’s Tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur, this study reveals how love and loyalty were both guiding principles and sources of moral conflict. The discussion highlights how medieval writers reconciled human passion with divine devotion, portraying the struggle to balance personal desire, duty, and faith as a central theme in chivalric literature.

The article is intended to give basic information about the development of womanism as a movement which has presented an alternative to feminism. It advocates inclusiveness instead of exclusiveness, whether it is related to race, class or gender. Womanism provided political framework for colored women and gave them tools in their struggle with patriarchy which imposed restrictive norms and negative stereotypes on them. It also tackled the restrictiveness of feminism which was especially evident in the field of literary scholarship. Womanism is also related to new movements within feminism such as womanist theology and eco-feminism.

This study examines the role of specific prompts in enhancing EFL learners’ writing skills. Writing is often considered one of the most challenging aspects of language acquisition, especially for learners who lack motivation or struggle with idea generation. Specific prompts provide structured guidance, helping students organize their thoughts and develop coherent, well-structured texts. The study explores various types of prompts, such as narrative, argumentative, and descriptive, and their impact on fluency, accuracy, and creativity in writing. By analyzing students’ written outputs and conducting qualitative interviews, the research identifies effective prompt-based techniques that foster critical thinking and linguistic competence in EFL learners.

This article extensively discusses the role, importance, and impact of psychological support in the process of medical rehabilitation on human health. The recovery process of the human body is closely related not only to medications and physiological procedures, but also to mental balance, emotional stability, and positive thinking. Therefore, psychological support during the rehabilitation period is considered a decisive factor in restoring the patient's health. The article scientifically explains the main areas of psychological support, types of psychological support, and their impact on the patient's condition. In particular, it is noted that trust between the doctor and the patient, love from loved ones, and motivation increase the patient's recovery rate, reduce depression, and stress. Also, psychological support increases patients' self-confidence and accelerates the process of returning to a healthy lifestyle. This article aims to inform medical professionals, psychologists, and students about the role of psychological factors in the process of medical rehabilitation and the importance of their proper organization. Psychological support, as an integral part of recovery, plays an important role in restoring a person's physical and spiritual health

Abdulhamid Sulaymon o‘g‘li Cholpon (1897–1938), a prominent figure in Uzbek literature, is widely regarded as a master of lyrical and dramatic expression. His works resonate with themes of national identity, individual struggle, and existential despair. The early 20th century, marked by political upheaval and cultural transformation in Central Asia, profoundly shaped Cholpon’s literary voice. This thesis explores the psychological fracture embedded in his works and examines how despair functions as a central poetic and emotional device. Through a close reading of selected poems and prose, we analyze how despair becomes both a response to socio-political trauma and a tool for inner exploration.

This article discusses the historical origins of Karakalpak folk applied art dating back to the childhood of humanity, and as humanity grew, applied art also rose. As there was a struggle for survival, intellectual labor began to separate from manual labor as the need for a better life increased. The need for hunting weapons and household items increased. First, stone carving, bone carving, and later wood carving gradually developed.

This paper explores effective strategies for improving students’ academic writing skills in higher education. Academic writing is an essential component of students’ academic success and professional development. However, many students struggle with organization, coherence, and appropriate academic style. The study analyzes pedagogical approaches, instructional tools, and digital technologies that contribute to the enhancement of writing competence. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through classroom observations, interviews, and analysis of students’ written works. The findings reveal that explicit instruction, peer feedback, process-based writing, and the integration of digital tools significantly improve students’ academic writing. Recommendations are provided for teachers to implement these strategies effectively.