The paper presents data on the state of tuberculosis in developed, developing countries and in the Republic of Uzbekistan; on the methods of prevention and diagnosis of tuberculosis used in the world health community to date; on WHO reports on tuberculosis; on the implementation of the WHO tuberculosis eradication strategy; data on the dynamics of the prevalence of tuberculosis in various countries.

Latent tuberculosis infection remains one of the most persistent global public health threats. It is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that approximately 25 percent of the world's population is infected with latent tuberculosis bacilli. Although individuals with latent tuberculosis do not show clinical symptoms and are not contagious, around 5 to 10 percent of them will eventually develop active tuberculosis disease during their lifetime, particularly when the immune system is weakened. Therefore, early detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection are critical components in breaking the transmission cycle of tuberculosis. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test has become an important diagnostic tool for identifying latent tuberculosis infection, particularly in settings where Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is common, which can reduce the specificity of the traditional Tuberculin Skin Test (TST). This interferon-gamma release assay provides greater accuracy, faster results, and fewer false positives caused by previous BCG vaccination or exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Non-bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis is a complex clinical and diagnostic form of the disease, in which standard microbiological verification of the pathogen is impossible. In such circumstances, the use of surgical specimens to determine the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) is particularly important, allowing for the optimization of anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens. This article examines ways to improve the effectiveness of combination therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in patients without bacillary excretion, taking into account the results of MBT drug susceptibility testing obtained from surgical specimens. It analyzes the possibilities of individualizing chemotherapy, increasing the clinical efficacy of treatment, and reducing the risk of drug resistance and relapse rates.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains one of the most significant challenges in global tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). HIV infection dramatically increases the risk of reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This article presents a comprehensive review and analytical assessment of the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, preventive therapy, and public health implications of LTBI in HIV-infected individuals. Special attention is given to immunological mechanisms underlying reactivation, limitations of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in immunocompromised populations, and current WHO recommendations for tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, integrated TB-HIV programs, and personalized preventive approaches to reduce TB incidence among PLHIV. Strengthening LTBI screening and preventive treatment strategies remains critical to achieving global TB elimination goals

The article is devoted to the study of information on the correctness of the state of tuberculosis among the akholys of the Samarkand region in the next two years, the actual problems of organizing cargo and preventive work. In the Prevention of tuberculosis epidemics, the organization of akholini preventive measures is of great importance. For this reason, these indicators are being studied and studies are being carried out to determine the harm of axoli to tuberculosis infection, to determine the extent of the epidemic.  During 2023-2024, the Samarkand regional population underwent a tuberculosis examination and studied the circumstances of its registration and what preventive measures should be organized to prevent further tuberculosis infections.

The WHO estimates that TB has claimed the lives of over 1.4 million people in 2019 alone Pulmonary tuberculosis develops in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with moderate to severe severity, subcompensated form and with a complicated course, with more than 9 years of experience of the disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus were characterized by widespreadinfiltrative tuberculosis with bacterial excretion, in every fifth patient with drug-resistant pathogen. The clinical picture of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes mellitus was characterized by severe intoxication and bronchopulmonary syndromes, moderately pronounced changes in the clinical blood test, a pronounced reaction to tuberculin. Pathological reactivity was noted in 2/3 of patients with combined pathology, most of the patients had a low level of adaptation. Despite this, ineffective tuberculosis therapy was noted only in every 4 patients with diabetes mellitus.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to WHO, in 2021, 1.4 million HIV-negative and 187,000 HIV-positive TB deaths were reported worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an immune response against M. tuberculosis without clinical manifestations or radiological evidence of active TB. Current diagnostic methods are insufficient to differentiate between healthy and latently infected populations. Here, we used a machine learning approach to analyze publicly available proteomic data from saliva and serum in Ethiopia's healthy, latent TB (LTBI) and active TB (ATBI) people. Our analysis discovered a profile of six proteins, Mast Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1, Hemopexin, Lamin A/C, Small Proline Rich Protein 2F, Immunoglobulin Kappa Variable 4-1, and Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 2 that can precisely differentiate between the healthy and latently infected populations. This data suggests that a combination of six host proteins can serve as accurate biomarkers to diagnose latent infection. This is important for populations living in high-risk areas as it may help in the surveillance and prevention of severe disease.

The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical challenge, particularly in cases requiring surgical intervention. This study evaluates the effectiveness of microbiological examination of surgical specimens in confirming TB diagnosis. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on samples collected from patients undergoing pulmonary surgery due to suspected or confirmed TB. The microbiological methods employed included Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, and molecular diagnostics. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between microbiological findings and histopathological confirmation, underscoring the diagnostic value of surgical materials in complex or unclear TB cases. These findings highlight the importance of integrating microbiological analysis of surgical specimens into the diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in smear-negative or extrapulmonary manifestations.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a significant global health challenge, posing serious threats to public health and complicating disease control efforts. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has limited the effectiveness of standard treatment regimens, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches and comprehensive management strategies. This article explores the current landscape of DR-TB treatment, highlighting recent advancements in pharmacological therapies, the role of individualized treatment protocols, and the importance of patient-centered care. Additionally, it addresses key barriers to successful treatment outcomes, including delayed diagnosis, treatment adherence issues, and healthcare infrastructure limitations. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening global TB programs, accelerating research efforts, and enhancing access to innovative treatments to improve patient outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

One of the urgent problems of modern phthisiology is the combination of tuberculosis with oncological diseases. This is primarily due to the steady increase in the number of patients with malignant neoplasms in recent years against the background of the ongoing tense situation with tuberculosis. In the annual report of the World Health Organization in 2018, tuberculosis was named one of the 10 main causes of death from diseases in the world [6].

Pulmonary diseases represent one of the most pressing and complex challenges in global healthcare, with their etiology rooted in the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms, and consequences of pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Key causes include genetic predispositions (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, CFTR gene mutations), environmental factors (tobacco smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards), and infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The consequences encompass respiratory insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological issues at the individual level, as well as economic losses and burdens on healthcare systems at the societal level. The article highlights the importance of preventive measures, including smoking cessation, vaccination, and air quality improvement, while also discussing future research directions such as gene therapy and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic methods. This work emphasizes the need to enhance global healthcare strategies and strengthen environmental protection measures.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to the persistence of active tuberculosis (TB) cases. Early and accurate detection of LTBI is essential for effective TB control strategies, yet current diagnostic methods face substantial limitations. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used, but both exhibit variable sensitivity, specificity, and logistical constraints, particularly in low-resource settings. Moreover, distinguishing LTBI from active TB and determining the risk of progression to active disease remains an ongoing issue. This article reviews the current diagnostic landscape for LTBI, highlights existing gaps, and explores emerging technologies with the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and accessibility. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving global TB prevention efforts and achieving the goals outlined in the End TB Strategy.

Spinal tuberculosis remains one of the most severe and disabling forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. According to various studies, osteoarticular tuberculosis accounts for up to 50–70% of all forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis [8,9]. The development of tuberculous disease in the spine is accompanied by bone destruction, the formation of deformities, abscesses, and spinal cord compression, which in some cases leads to severe neurological complications [8,10].

Further methods have been combined with culture to successfully diagnose TB including, the chest X-ray and the Tuberculin skin test . Received the results confirm high sensitivity (in all patients with local forms of tuberculosis DST was positive) and the specificity of DST (in all children with post-vaccination allergic a negative reaction to DST was noted), which allows it to be used for differentiation al diagnostics of post-vaccination and infectious allergy in children. The highest frequency of positive of TB risk groups was observed in the contact group (50.6%). Significantly a large number of cases (13 out of 26), contact with patients with bacterial excretion was detected only retrospectively, after the detection of TB disease (1/2 of them had contact with patients excreting among MBT strains with multidrug resistance, 2/3 had familial tuberculosistact). It is necessary to improve the work on identifying contacts and their examination, expanding the sanatorium-type institutions for separation and isolation of children from foci of tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals each year. While primarily known as a respiratory disease, TB can also impact the central nervous system (CNS), leading to serious neurological complications. This article provides an overview of the damage caused by TB to the CNS, encompassing various manifestations such as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculoma, and spinal TB. Through a review of current literature, the mechanisms of CNS involvement in TB, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies are discussed. Understanding the neurological consequences of TB is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective management, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing morbidity associated with this devastating disease.

Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions that complicate diagnosis and treatment. This study investigates the clinical manifestations, microbiological characteristics, and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB in patients with associated diseases. A cohort of 120 patients with confirmed MDR-TB was analyzed, of whom 58 had one or more comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV infection, and cardiovascular diseases. The study found that comorbidities altered the clinical presentation of MDR-TB, often leading to atypical radiological patterns and prolonged bacterial persistence. Microbiological analysis revealed higher rates of extensive drug resistance and delayed sputum conversion in patients with comorbidities. Treatment outcomes were less favorable in this group, with increased rates of treatment failure and adverse drug reactions. The findings underscore the need for individualized treatment strategies and integrated care approaches for MDR-TB patients with comorbid conditions to improve clinical outcomes.

Peripheral lymph node tuberculosis (PLNTB) is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in people with and without HIV.  The cervical region is the most frequently affected location.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common offender.  Impacts are more likely to affect female young people who are economically productive.  Tubercular lymphadenitis is mostly a medical condition, even though frequent removal of the affected node may be required to avoid scarring. However, surgical excision is associated with a somewhat worse prognosis than medical treatment alone [1,2,3]. 

Numerous scientific studies are being conducted around the world to study the effectiveness of treatment. Numerous studies by domestic and foreign authors have been devoted to the issue of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) throughout the world is a major obstacle to tuberculosis control and achievement of the targets set by the World Health Assembly and included in one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [1; pages. 161-171, 178; p., 2; pages. 57-66.].

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) of the lungs is a serious medical and social problem that requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. In recent years, surgical methods have become an important component of therapy when anti-tuberculosis drugs are ineffective. This article discusses modern surgical approaches to the treatment of DR-TB of the lungs, including indications, types of operations and postoperative management of patients. The analysis of the effectiveness of resection and collapse surgery methods is carried out, and promising technologies aimed at reducing relapses and improving long-term results are discussed. The presented data emphasize the need for an individualized approach to the choice of surgical treatment tactics, taking into account the degree of lung tissue damage, the general condition of the patient and the risk of complications.

Целью настоящего исследования стало изучение генотипической структуры и частоты мутаций, ассоциированных с лекарственной устойчивостью Mycobacterium tuberculosis, в странах Центральной Азии. Проанализированы 420 клинических изолятов, собранных в Узбекистане, Таджикистане и Кыргызстане. Полногеномное секвенирование выявило доминирование Пекинского генотипа (64%), а также высокую частоту мутаций в генах katG, rpoB, gyrA, Rv0678. Установлена значимая связь между генотипом и спектром мутаций (p<0,01). Полученные данные подтверждают необходимость внедрения молекулярной диагностики в национальные программы по контролю туберкулеза и позволяют адаптировать терапевтические подходы с учетом региональных особенностей популяции M. tuberculosis.

Today, in our country, special attention is paid to improving the healthcare system, including early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.Some features of iron metabolism in mycobacteria are considered, as well as the varieties and pathogenesis of various variants of anemia that can develop with tuberculosis: iron deficiency (subcutaneous iron deficiency), associated with chronic disease (with relative iron deficiency) or drug-induced (variants: sideroachrestic, hemolytic, aplastic). The possibilities of correction of tuberculosis treatment regimens with the introduction of a complex compound of iron with isoniazid in order to reduce undesirable adverse reactions to isoniazid are analyzed.

Целью настоящей работы стало изучение молекулярных механизмов лекарственной устойчивости Mycobacterium tuberculosis к бедаквилину и деламаниду с применением полногеномного секвенирования. В исследование включены 350 штаммов, выделенных от пациентов с мультирезистентным туберкулезом. Генетический анализ позволил выявить ключевые мутации в генах Rv0678, atpE, ddn и fbiC. Проведен филогенетический анализ с определением генотипов. Установлены географические особенности распределения мутаций. Полученные данные позволяют точнее определять устойчивые формы туберкулеза и оптимизировать терапевтическую тактику. Результаты исследования подчеркивают значимость применения NGS как инструмента быстрой молекулярной диагностики при XDR-ТБ.

Tuberculosis (TB), despite its treatability, remains a global threat to public health, concentrating among socially vulnerable groups of the population. Traditional vertical TB programs are often ineffective for such groups due to a complex of medical, social, and economic barriers. This review examines the evolution of the paradigm towards a multidisciplinary approach (MDP), which integrates the efforts of clinicians, epidemiologists, social workers, psychologists, lawyers, and community representatives. It has been proven that MDP increases detection, adherence to treatment, and overall outcomes, contributing to the achievement of WHO's TB Strategy goals.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern, particularly among children and adolescents, who are more vulnerable to severe disease forms and long-term complications. Modern approaches to TB prevention emphasize early diagnosis, vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and strengthened public health strategies. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains a cornerstone of pediatric TB prevention, but advancements in diagnostic technologies and the development of new vaccine candidates are enhancing protection. Additionally, targeted screening programs and preventive therapy for high-risk populations are proving effective in reducing TB incidence. This article reviews contemporary preventive strategies, highlights innovative interventions, and underscores the importance of global collaboration in eradicating childhood TB.

Настоящее исследование посвящено изучению популяционно-генетических характеристик штаммов Mycobacterium tuberculosis, резистентных к новым и перепрофилированным противотуберкулезным препаратам, таким как бедаквилин, деламанид, линезолид. Проанализированы 500 клинических изолятов, собранных в различных регионах Узбекистана. С использованием методов полногеномного секвенирования выявлены ключевые мутации в генах Rv0678, ddn, rplC и других, ассоциированных с устойчивостью. Установлена структура циркулирующих генотипов, включая преобладание Пекинского семейства. Разработана модель распространения резистентных штаммов и предложен алгоритм лечения, основанный на молекулярно-генетических данных. Работа подтверждает важность применения современных геномных технологий в эпиднадзоре и терапии туберкулеза.