Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions with increasing prevalence worldwide. This review aims to summarize the latest data on the multifactorial pathogenesis of ASD, with emphasis on genetic, neuroimmune, and environmental influences. Additionally, the article explores the wide spectrum of neurological comorbidities often observed in children with ASD, such as epilepsy, sensory processing disorders, motor dysfunction, and sleep disturbances. Modern trends in therapeutic strategies and the importance of early, multidisciplinary intervention are also discussed. The review highlights the need for continued research into biomarkers and personalized approaches to autism treatment.

This article provides information about autism in children. Autism is a severe mental disorder, an extreme form of self-isolation. It is expressed in withdrawal from contact with reality, poverty of emotional expression. An autistic person is characterized by inadequate response and a deficit of social interaction.

This article summarizes how the gut microbiome, the immune system, and the central nervous system interact via the gut–brain axis to influence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) development. Early-life microbiota disturbances (antibiotics, hospital exposure, formula feeding) can produce dysbiosis, impair intestinal barrier function, and promote systemic and neuroinflammation. These changes may alter neurodevelopmental processes (neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination), neurotransmitter systems, and microglial activation. Selective eating common in children with ASD can worsen nutrient deficiencies and microbiome imbalance. Clinical and experimental evidence — including microbiota transfer from children with ASD to germ-free mice and trials of microbiota transfer therapy (MTT/FMT) — indicate the microbiome can affect gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms, though current evidence does not support microbiome modification as a definitive cure for ASD. Future research should clarify mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and microbiota alterations and determine safe, effective microbiome-based interventions.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, associated with restricted interests and stereotyped behavior. It has a high prevalence in the population, neurobiological foundations, and high heritability. Its etiology is heterogeneous, with numerous genetic factors, environmental influences, and epigenetic mechanisms recognized. Advances in molecular genetics, as well as epidemiological studies of large cohorts, have made it possible to identify specific medical conditions, as well as genes and environmental factors partially or fully associated with their pathogenesis. This knowledge, in accordance with clinical characteristics, allows for directing further research, drawing conclusions about clinical prognosis, and focusing on genetic counseling.

Kanner syndrome is one of the most challenging forms of early-onset autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often associated with immune system dysregulation. In this study, 60 children with Kanner syndrome and 30 healthy controls aged 3 to 6 years were examined using clinical, immunological, and biochemical methods. The correct assessment of immune-inflammatory status, including elevated cytokine levels and altered lymphocyte profiles, allowed for a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. The study highlights the importance of immune biomarkers in early diagnosis, risk stratification, and development of personalized therapeutic strategies in neurodevelopmental disorders.

This article is devoted to the analysis of scientific work, which describes a five-step model of training and the development of social skills in children with autism spectrum disorders, using a very popular method of video modeling.