Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a serious medical and social problem of the 21st century that affects more than 500 million people worldwide. Although type 2 diabetes is considered a single disease, in fact it is a heterogeneous group with different clinical manifestations, metabolic features, risks of complications and response to treatment. Modern endocrinology abandons the simplified model of "insulin resistance + hyperglycemia" and proceeds to the concept of T2DM phenotypes, which reflect the diversity of pathophysiological mechanisms that cause the disease. This general diagnosis is usually divided into several categories, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and diabetes caused by other causes (such as medication), with most cases of diabetes classified as type 2 (90-95%) or type 1 (5-10%).

This article provides a comprehensive exploration of diabetes mellitus in newborns, delving into its causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. By highlighting the genetic and autoimmune factors contributing to neonatal diabetes, it offers valuable insights for medical professionals. The discussion on clinical symptoms and genetic testing aims to enhance early detection, enabling prompt intervention. Emphasizing the significance of insulin therapy and long-term management, the article addresses the complex nature of diabetes in newborns. Additionally, it underscores the potential impact on developmental aspects, advocating for proactive measures and holistic care. Overall, the article serves as an informative guide for healthcare professionals and families navigating the intricacies of diabetes mellitus in the neonatal context.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fast-growing field and its applications to diabetes, a global pandemic, can reform the approach to diagnosis and management of this chronic condition. Principles of machine learning have been used to build algorithms to support predictive models for the risk of developing diabetes or its consequent complications. Digital therapeutics have proven to be an established intervention for lifestyle therapy in the management of diabetes. Patients are increasingly being empowered for self-management of diabetes, and both patients and health care professionals are benefitting from clinical decision support.

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a special type of diabetes that combines features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The development and progression of LADA is due to multiple factors, including immunological, genetic and environmental. An autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells, leading to a decrease in their function, is the central pathogenetic mechanism. In this case, the presence of specific autoantibodies, such as antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GADA), serves as an important diagnostic marker. Genetic factors, particularly variations in HLA genes, also play a significant role, indicating a hereditary predisposition to the condition. In addition, environmental factors such as viral infections and lifestyle changes can act as triggers for the onset of the autoimmune process.

This study presents the findings of an assessment aimed at gauging the awareness level of socially important effects of diabetes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research also includes an investigation into the accessibility of food products specifically designed for diabetic patients in both pharmacies and grocery stores. By examining these critical aspects, the research sheds light on the degree to which individuals with type 2 diabetes are informed about the societal impact of their condition and the availability of essential dietary resources tailored to their needs. The results of this assessment contribute valuable insights for improving the support and resources available to individuals living with diabetes.

Distal symmetric sensorimotor diabetic polyneuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is one of the main causes of disability in patients with diabetes.  During epidemiological studies, despite severe metabolic diseases, it was found that DPN develops in 5-50% of patients with type 1 diabetes.  An average of 25% of patients with diabetes suffer from peripheral neuropathy, while the longer the duration of diabetes, the higher the percentage of patients with neuropathy.

Prediabetes is defined as a disorder in which the criteria for diabetes mellitus are not met, but normal blood glucose values are exceeded; this intermediate hyperglycemia is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The number of patients with diabetes mellitus continues to grow steadily, and therefore the role of timely interventions at the stage of prediabetes is obvious. A modern approach to preventing the progression of prediabetes includes correcting risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, weight loss and/or prevention of weight gain, and improving the quality of life. The first-line therapy for prediabetes is lifestyle modification, which includes changes in diet, physical activity, weight management, bad habits, and sleep hygiene. Thus, a non-pharmacological approach to the treatment of patients, aimed at reducing excess weight, plays a major role. In conditions of insufficient effectiveness of measures to change lifestyle, it is advisable to prescribe drug therapy. Metformin is the first-line drug for preventing the progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. In addition to lifestyle modification, orlistat, drugs from the group of GLP-1 analogues, thiazolidinediones, and acarbose have also demonstrated their effectiveness. Bariatric surgery is associated with improved glycemic control in prediabetic patients.

The WHO estimates that TB has claimed the lives of over 1.4 million people in 2019 alone Pulmonary tuberculosis develops in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with moderate to severe severity, subcompensated form and with a complicated course, with more than 9 years of experience of the disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus were characterized by widespreadinfiltrative tuberculosis with bacterial excretion, in every fifth patient with drug-resistant pathogen. The clinical picture of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes mellitus was characterized by severe intoxication and bronchopulmonary syndromes, moderately pronounced changes in the clinical blood test, a pronounced reaction to tuberculin. Pathological reactivity was noted in 2/3 of patients with combined pathology, most of the patients had a low level of adaptation. Despite this, ineffective tuberculosis therapy was noted only in every 4 patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which blood glucose levels are consistently elevated above the normal range. It can be caused by a shortage of insulin or by the presence of factors that prevent insulin from working properly. Insufficient insulin activity causes hyperglycemia. Many metabolic abnormalities are connected with it, including the development of hyperketonaemia when there is a significant absence of insulin, as well as changes in fatty acids, lipids, and protein turnover. Except in a few rare circumstances, diabetes is a permanent condition. In patients with diabetes mellitus, a wide range of abnormalities affecting the central and peripheral nerve systems can occur, either directly or indirectly. This brief review focuses on recent advances in the delineation of clinical aspects of diabetes-related neurological disorders and their therapy. The goal of this article is to increase the effectiveness of early detection and treatment of neurological diseases that arise in people with diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases and represents a serious medical and social problem due to its high prevalence, risk of complications, and significant impact on patients' quality of life. With the rapid development of clinical diabetology, the application of evidence-based medicine principles in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease is particularly important. This article examines modern methods of diagnosing and treating diabetes mellitus using evidence-based medicine. It analyzes the capabilities of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods based on clinical guidelines, as well as evidence-based approaches to pharmacotherapy and non-drug treatment. It is shown that the implementation of evidence-based methods facilitates early detection of the disease, optimizes treatment strategies, and reduces the risk of acute and chronic complications of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to grow as a global public health problem, disproportionately affecting low-resource and rural areas. Regional disparities in access to diabetes care have exacerbated health care disparities, with rural and underserved populations facing greater challenges in obtaining appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing follow-up. This article examines the main barriers that contribute to disparities in the provision of health care to patients with T2DM, including health care infrastructure limitations, workforce shortages, and socioeconomic factors. In conclusion, the article proposes a multifaceted approach to closing the healthcare gap and ensuring equitable care for all patients with T2DM.

Our work was to study the complications of glucocorticoid treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes with COVID-19. To do this, we took control of two groups of patients who underwent covid-19, with type 2 diabetes and without any chronic diseases. We witnessed changes in the hormonal background of patients, monitored the course of diabetes, and also came to the conclusion that when treating any patient with glucocorticoids for a long time, recommendations from endocrinologists are needed. We have covered everything in more detail in this article.

Распространенность диабета 2 типа (СД2) продолжает расти во всем мире, создавая значительное бремя для систем здравоохранения, особенно в недостаточно обслуживаемых и сельских регионах. В этой статье исследуется текущее состояние медицинской помощи пациентам с СД2 с акцентом на региональные различия и необходимость улучшения моделей оказания медицинской помощи. Регионализация медицинской помощи направлена ​​на оптимизацию распределения ресурсов и улучшение доступа к специализированному лечению. В документе обозначены проблемы в лечении СД2 в различных регионах, включая неадекватную инфраструктуру здравоохранения, нехватку специализированного медицинского персонала и пробелы в обучении пациентов. В нем также обсуждаются потенциальные решения, такие как децентрализация лечения диабета, телемедицина и интеграция многопрофильных команд. В заключение статьи предлагаются политические реформы и технологические инновации в качестве ключевых стратегий улучшения регионального управления СД2.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise globally, placing a significant burden on healthcare systems, particularly in underserved and rural regions. This article explores the current state of medical care for T2D patients, with a focus on regional disparities and the need for improved healthcare delivery models. Regionalization of care aims to optimize the allocation of resources and improve access to specialized treatment. The paper identifies challenges in the management of T2D in different regions, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure, lack of specialized medical personnel, and gaps in patient education. It also discusses potential solutions, such as the decentralization of diabetes care, telemedicine, and the integration of multidisciplinary teams. The article concludes by suggesting policy reforms and technological innovations as key strategies to enhance the regional management of T2D.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired insulin secretion and varying degrees of insulin resistance, causing hyperglycemia. Early symptoms are associated with hyperglycemia and include polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and visual field constriction. Late complications include angiopathy, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and predisposition to infectious diseases. Diagnosis is based on the measurement of plasma glucose levels. Treatment includes diet, exercise, and glucose-lowering agents, including insulin, oral antidiabetic drugs, and non-insulin injectables. Complications can be delayed or prevented by proper glycemic control; Cardiac disease remains the leading cause of death in diabetes mellitus.

The studies carried out show that only 25% of patients with Type 1 diabetes complain of neurological symptoms at the reception of a doctor.  Patients diagnosed with DPN were observed in 46% of cases, and it often depended on the duration of the disease.  In cases with a duration of Type 1 diabetes of less than 5 years, the prevalence of DPN was 2.4%, at a duration of 5-10 years - 28.2%, and when the disease lasted more than 10 years, the incidence of DPN was 69.4%. 10.8% of patients with Type 1 diabetes were found to have decreased vibrational sensitivity, and 31.1% to have decreased or lost Achilles reflex. The most common neurological symptom has been found to be cleavage, burns, and muscle strains of the calf muscles.

The aim of this study was to create an experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in laboratory rats and to study the morphological state of colon tissue structures after mini-gastroshunt (MGS, one-anastomosis gastric bypass) surgery. 40 male Wistar rats with a body weight of 180-220 g were used in the study. After the diabetes model was confirmed, mini-gastroshunt surgery was performed in the experimental group. After mini-gastroshunt surgery, animals were removed from the experiment on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30, and material was taken from the distal sections of the colon. The material was fixed in 10% neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson and Mallory to identify connective tissue. Electron microscopy was used for ultrastructural analysis. The results of the study show that mini-gastroshunt surgery does not cause irreversible damage to the colon even in the setting of type 2 diabetes, but rather activates compensatory-adaptive mechanisms.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. A common consequence of uncontrolled diabetes is hyperglycemia - or elevated levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood - which over time leads to severe damage to many body systems, especially the nervous system and blood vessels.The article deals with morphological and biochemical studies of thoracic cortex at offsprings being from born future mothers, which had experimental diabetes. Then the pathological changes were observed in animals at certain time. It didn’t affect the structure and properties of thoracic cavity and spine properties.

Artificial intelligence/Machine learning (AI/ML) is transforming all spheres of our life, including the healthcare system. Application of AI/ML has a potential to vastly enhance the reach of diabetes care thereby making it more efficient. The huge burden of diabetes cases in India represents a unique set of problems, and provides us with a unique opportunity in terms of potential availability of data. Harnessing this data using electronic medical records, by all physicians, can put India at the forefront of research in this area. Application of AI/ML would provide insights to our problems as well as may help us to devise tailor‑made solutions for the same.

This article provides information on medicinal plants used in the treatment and prevention of diabetes, as well as the remedies, formulations, biological active substances, and their technologies derived from these plants. During the research, dozens of local medicinal plant species and their specific characteristics, the properties of their formulations, indications for use, the beneficial properties of medicinal plants and formulations in the treatment of diabetes, and the results of studies on their technological properties are presented.

The rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by an increase in mortality from this pathology. Today, the global diabetes epidemic represents a serious public health challenge. The pathophysiological aspects of DR development suggest that dyslipidemia is a risk factor for diabetic changes in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive eye disease that occurs as a result of long-term hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes mellitus. A healthy lifestyle, constant monitoring of blood glucose levels, and regular check-ups play a key role in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are common and frequently co-occurring diseases. There is a clear link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD, and specifically cardiovascular outcomes, are the main cause of death in patients with diabetes in both men and women [1].

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often show changes in the locomotor apparatus (LMA), in particular cheiroarthropathy, a specific lesion of the connective tissue structures of the hand in the presence of persistent hyperglycemia, which leads to limited joint mobility (LJM) generally in the absence of pain syndrome. Some authors use the term «LJM syndrome» to describe LMA lesion in DM, since in the long course of the disease, the small and large joints of not only the upper, but also the lower limbs are involved in the pathological process. LJM is one of the little studied and poorly diagnosed conditions in comparison with traditional micro- and macro-vascular complications of DM, which, due to their direct correlation with life expectancy, receive more attention. The LJM syndrome is associated with other late complications of DM and can significantly impair functional activity, self-care, and quality of life. Damages to periarticular tissue and joints in DM are believed to be caused by the accumulation of glycation end products. A clinical examination plays a key role in the diagnosis of cheiroarthropathy.

In December 2019, the first cases of a new coronavirus infection, later declared a pandemic, were reported. COVID-19 has been found to be much more severe in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are known to be much more common together. That is why the potentially dangerous combination of a new infectious disease and diabetes mellitus has become an important problem in cardiology.

This article thoroughly analyzes the complex interrelationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension (AH). Epidemiological data indicate that 60–80% of patients with diabetes also suffer from hypertension. The coexistence of these two chronic conditions significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and chronic kidney disease by 1.5-2 times. The study specifically focuses on common pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management of DM and AH. Diagnostic criteria encompass regular blood pressure monitoring, glycemic control assessment (HbA1c), and renal function tests (serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate [GFR], and microalbuminuria). Notably, hypertension affects over 70% of patients with diabetic nephropathy, further escalating the risk of cardiac and renal failure. Treatment strategies aim to normalize blood pressure and ensure glycemic control, involving both pharmacological interventions (RAAS inhibitors like ACE inhibitors and ARBs, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers) and lifestyle modifications (limiting sodium intake to