The Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-4884 dated November 6, 2020, established the introduction of a credit-module system in higher education and its gradual implementation in practice. This system is formed in accordance with international educational standards, in which students will have the opportunity to independently plan their educational paths, develop their interest in science, and acquire independent research skills. This plays an important role in preparing modern knowledge-capable, independent-thinking and initiative-taking specialists. Large-scale reforms are also being carried out in our republic to reform the higher education system, update its content and essence in line with the requirements of the times, and improve the quality of education, and the introduction of this system is recognized as one of the important stages in this direction.

One of the most prevalent locations for extrapulmonary TB is the lymph nodes, especially the thoracic lymph nodes. However, nothing is known about Mtb infection in these organs. Lymph nodes are habitats for Mtb development and persistence in addition to being locations where the adaptive immune system is initiated. Granuloma growth brought on by Mtb infection disturbs and, if it grows large enough, destroys the lymph node's regular design, which is essential to its operation. Effective TB vaccines seem to stop Mtb from moving from the lungs to the lymph nodes in preclinical animals. Future studies evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and anti-TB drug treatments should take into account the effects on thoracic lymph nodes, not just the lungs. Finally, drug penetration to the lymph nodes is poor compared to blood, lung tissue, and lung granulomas.

Заболевания органа зрения и его придаточного аппарата продолжают оставаться одной из приоритетных проблем здравоохранения, оказывая значительное влияние на качество жизни, трудоспособность и социальную активность населения. Настоящее исследование посвящено анализу офтальмологической заболеваемости в Республике Узбекистан с акцентом на динамику и структуру распространения. Использованы официальные статистические данные Министерства здравоохранения, охватывающие возрастные, территориальные и временные аспекты. Результаты демонстрируют умеренный рост общего числа зарегистрированных случаев, при этом характер динамики варьируется по регионам и возрастным группам. Отмечены волнообразные изменения уровня заболеваемости, значительные территориальные различия, а также рост числа случаев среди подростков и детей в отдельные годы. Особое внимание уделено глаукоме как социально значимому заболеванию с высоким риском инвалидизации. Полученные данные служат основой для последующего фармакоэкономического анализа и могут быть использованы при разработке целевых программ профилактики, диагностики и лечения, а также при обосновании стратегий оптимизации ресурсов в системе здравоохранения.

In this article, based on the provisions of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, other normative legal acts, data from researches by experts of the World Bank Group the features of the introduction of digital technologies into civil circulation in the Republic of Uzbekistan are analyzed, proposals for amendments and additions to the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Digital Assets» are justified.

Peripheral lymph node tuberculosis (PLNTB) is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in people with and without HIV.  The cervical region is the most frequently affected location.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common offender.  Impacts are more likely to affect female young people who are economically productive.  Tubercular lymphadenitis is mostly a medical condition, even though frequent removal of the affected node may be required to avoid scarring. However, surgical excision is associated with a somewhat worse prognosis than medical treatment alone [1,2,3]. 

This article examines the issues of classification of vitamin and mineral complexes according to the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Statistical analysis was carried out during the customs clearance of vitamin and mineral complexes, scientific articles and world experience in declaring vitamin preparations were considered, as well as vitamins and minerals in the composition of vitamin and mineral complexes were studied, the daily intake of vitamins and minerals in the composition of vitamin and mineral complexes was compared and it is recommended to classify vitamin and mineral complexes according to commodity item 2106 of the FEACN of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

In the years of independence, the educational system and education of a competent generation in the republic became the main priorities of the state policy. Improving the activities of pre-school education organizations serves as a basis for the effectiveness of activities in this field of education. According to the Decree No. PF-5198 dated September 30 , 2017 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh . Mirziyoy , preschool education is the primary link of the continuous education system. Being considered as a child, it is very important in raising a healthy and well-rounded child and preparing him for school.

concept of development of the preschool education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030 ( hereinafter - the Concept ) of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on September 30 , 2018 "On measures to improve the management of the preschool education system" No. PQ-3955 was developed in order to implement the decision, and complex measures for the development of the preschool education system until 2030 includes. The decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to approve the concept of development of the preschool education system until 2030 was adopted .

This article analyzes the legal foundations of the organization and functioning of administrative courts operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this article researcher gave scientific standpoints and comments to following legal documents: Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures for further reform of the judicial and legal system, strengthening guarantees of reliable protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms” (No:PD-4850 dated 21.10.2016), Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures to radically improve the structure and increase the efficiency of the judicial system of the Republic of Uzbekistan” (No: PD-4966 dated 21.02.2017). Important aspects of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On additional measures to further expand access to justice and improve the efficiency of the courts”, adopted on January 16, 2023, concerning administrative courts, were also highlighted. In addition, it is justified how to distinguish the activities of an administrative court from the activities of another court (an administrative court considering cases of administrative offenses).

O'zbekiston Respublikasidagi bozor munosabatlari sharoitida lizing shartnomasining qo'llanilishi muhimligi, ushbu turdagi lizing shartnomasining afzalliklari, O'zbekiston Respublikasining fuqarolik qonunchiligiga muvofiq lizing shartnomasini huquqiy tartibga solish xususiyatlari, investitsiyalar uchun lizing shartnomasining imkoniyatlari, moliyaviy lizing shartnomasining o'ziga xos xususiyatlari, lizing shartnomasini tuzish tartibi va mazmuni, lizing shartnomasi bilan bog'liq xavflar va javobgarlik masalalari ko'rib chiqiladi lizing shartnomasi taraflarining to'g'risida qaror qabul qiladi. O'zbekiston Respublikasida lizing munosabatlarini tartibga soluvchi qonunchilikni takomillashtirish bo'yicha ayrim takliflar ishlab chiqildi.

This article examines the adoption system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of international standards for the protection of children’s rights. The study analyzes the development of the national adoption model, the specific features of legal regulation and institutional mechanisms, as well as the role of judicial practice in ensuring the best interests of the child. Particular attention is paid to the correlation between the norms of national family law of the Republic of Uzbekistan and international legal instruments, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. The article identifies key challenges related to the implementation of international standards into national law enforcement practice and highlights legal risks arising in the sphere of intercountry adoption. Based on the conducted analysis, the author formulates conclusions and proposals aimed at improving the adoption system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in line with international obligations and contemporary approaches to the protection of children’s rights.

Donli ekinlar qishloq xo’jaligining ajiralmas qismidir chunki qishloq xo’jaligi yerlaridan qariyb 90 %ini donli ekinlar tashkil qiladi. Shu bois, donli ekinlarni turli xil zararkunandalardan himoya qilish va xalqqa tayyor ozuqa tariqasida yetkazib berish muhim masaladir. Shu sababli, qishloq xo’jaligida donli ekinlarning hosildorligini oshirish va zararkunandalarga qarshi kurashish uchun biostimulyatorlardan keng foydalaniladi. Biostimulyatorlardan foydalanish qishloq xo'jaligi o'simliklarining hosildorligi va barqarorligini oshirish usullaridan biridir. Shu bois ushbu maqolaning asosiy vazifasi – Qoraqalpog’iston respublikasining qishloq xo’jaligida biostimulyatorlardan foydalanib, yuqori hosildorli donli ekinlar yetishtirish va biostimulyatorlarning donli ekinlarning ozuqaviy sifatiga ta’sirini aniqlashdan iboratdir. Tadqiqot natijasiga ko’ra, Qoraqalpog’iston respublikasida biostimulyatorlarni donli ekinlarga qo’llash orqali samarali natijaga erishildi va biostimulyatorlarning donli ekinlarning ozuqaviy sifatiga nojuya ta’siri sezilmadi.

Studying the history of professional unions helps to understand the role of the human factor in the development of society better. During the totalitarian era, professional union organizations, which were national institutions built into the system of governance, became more and more widespread. That is why today the study and generalization of the activity of professional unions during the independence of the republic of Uzbekistan arouses great political and scientific interest. Studying it allows professional associations to objectively assess the conditions of activity, identify the causes of defects, learn from the past and develop it in modern conditions. As a result, the main goal of the article is to study the history of the Council of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, a professional union of the Republic of Uzbekistan during the period of independence  

In the context of the large-scale administrative reform of “New Uzbekistan” (2022–2024), the issue of the effectiveness of public administration in regions with special legal status is becoming critically important. This study is devoted to a comprehensive constitutional, legal, and administrative analysis of the mechanisms of interdepartmental coordination between ministries and agencies of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (RK). The paper examines the unique administrative structure of “dual subordination,” in which the executive authorities of the RK are accountable both to the Zhokargy Kenes and the Council of Ministers of the RK, as well as to the relevant ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan (RUz). Based on an analysis of legislation (the Constitutions of the RUz and the RK, LRU-682 “On Normative Legal Acts,” Presidential Decree DP-269), materials on law enforcement practice, and data from digital platforms (“E-qaror,” “Ijro.gov.uz”), systemic legal conflicts arising in the process of implementing national policy at the regional level are identified.

The analysis of the vital aspects of plants is described in the article. The analysis of vital signs of the vegetation cover of CHust-Pop hills was carried out according to the system of S. Raunkiaer. As a result of the research conducted in Khud, it was found that 435 species belonging to 56 families and 272 genera are distributed. The composition of the flora is based on plants with a hemicryptophyte life form. In addition, 28 species of Hamephyte, 18 species of Phanerophyte, and 13 species of Cryptophyte were found.

In the article, research was conducted in order to create a new variety of bread wheat with stable productivity adapted to the conditions of Fergana region. During the studies, when the productivity indicators of wheat were studied, the plant height was 92.6-106 cm, the number of spikes was 16.67-20.67, the weight of the spike was 1.77-2.21 g, the weight of 1000 grains was 38.2-43.2 g, and the yield was 4.54-6.79 t/ha.

The article analyzes the composition of species, leading groups, spectrum of families, and taxonomic composition of fish included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Bukhara region and adjacent water basins. In Bukhara region and adjacent water basins, 2 groups, 3 families, and 9 species of  2 large groups of fish included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan were found. Fish included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan is one of the most important objects of biological diversity. Various biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors have a negative effect on fish included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

It is known that today, interest in medicinal products derived from plant materials is growing worldwide, as they are close to the human body, which effectively assimilates natural substances.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the geographical position, administrative-territorial structure, population, and climate of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the country’s strategic significance in Central Asia, its diverse topography, the administrative system including the regions and the autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, and governance mechanisms. The study also analyzes population composition, demographic characteristics, urban and rural distribution, and the impact of climate on water resources and agriculture. The findings highlight the interconnectedness of natural, social, and economic factors in Uzbekistan and offer insights into opportunities for sustainable development.

This scientific article analyzes the theoretical, legal, and organizational foundations for implementing a comprehensive targeted work system to create a safe environment in the mahallas of the republic. The essence and content of the priority tasks defined in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-1 dated January 3, 2025, the role of social prevention institutions, mechanisms for stabilizing the criminogenic situation at the mahalla level, and issues of strengthening the personal accountability of responsible leaders are highlighted based on an integrated approach. Additionally, the causes and conditions of crimes committed by women and youth within family and domestic relationships were scientifically analyzed, and new working mechanisms based on the principle of "scientific conclusion - recommendation - result" were proposed. The article substantiates the need to integrate modern information and communication technologies and artificial intelligence into the process of ensuring public safety, and analyzes the achievement of a 1.5-fold reduction in crime in mahallas by 2025 using official statistical data. The research results have scientific and practical significance for strengthening social prevention in mahallas, ensuring cooperation between government bodies and the public, and improving the targeted management model..

The paper presents the results of studying the acute toxicity and specific activity of the aqueous infusion of the camel thorn plant. The study was carried out on healthy white mice, quarantined, weighing 19-21 g, mixed gender. The data were statistically processed using the STATISTIKA program for Windows 95. The results obtained showed that the infusion does not have a toxic effect and has a diuretic effect.

This study presents the results of an acute toxicity assessment of the product “Sila Kremniya Nanokremniy”, based on silicon nanoparticles supplemented with microelements. The research was conducted on laboratory mice and rats under standard conditions. The findings revealed that the tested compound did not produce any signs of acute toxicity even at high doses (up to 5000 mg/kg), indicating its safety for further pharmacological research.

In order to substantiate the composition and technology of solid dosage forms, the physicochemical and technological properties of dry extract of common ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer), which has an adaptogenic, tonic, restorative and stimulating effect, were studied. The preparations of this plant stimulate sexual functions, actively influence the central nervous system, increase performance, reduce physical and mental fatigue, and improve appetite. As a result of experimental studies, the feasibility of introducing a complex of excipients into the solid dosage form and using the preliminary wet granulation method was determined.

Mehnat muhofazasi ish jarayonida insonnning mehnat qobiliyatini, sog‘lig‘i va xavfsizligini ta’minlash uchun yo‘naltirilgan qonunlar majmuasi, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, tashkiliy, texnik, gigienik, profilaktik tadbirlarni o‘z ichiga qamrab olar ekan, demak barcha jabhalarda fuqarolarning mehnat qilish sharoiti talab darajasida yaratilishi lozim. Ushbu maqolada shu masalalarning hal etilishi hamda rivojlangan davlatlardagi ko`rinishi muhokama etiladi.

В статье исследуются правовые основы деятельности органов прокуратуры Республики Узбекистан, направленные на обеспечение и защиту прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Рассматриваются современные реформы, проводимые в стране в данной сфере, особенности национального законодательства, а также ключевые направления и формы прокурорского надзора в области защиты прав человека. На основе анализа нормативных актов и практики делаются выводы о возможных путях дальнейшего совершенствования системы защиты прав и свобод личности в деятельности органов прокуратуры Республики Узбекистан.

Derivatives of oxadiazole or furadiazole rings are known to be a significant family of heterocyclic compounds.  Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two carbons, one oxygen atom, two nitrogen atoms, and two double bonds.  They are made from furan by substituting two nitrogen (-N =) atoms for two methylene groups (= CH).  By substituting these groups in the furan ring, the aromaticity was decreased to the point where conjugated diene character is evident.  There were four distinct oxadiazole isomers that were known to exist: 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole. 1,3,4-thiadiazole's chemistry is one of the most intriguing scaffolds for creating novel therapeutic compounds because of its many pharmacological properties.  Numerous changes have been made to the thiadiazole ring, which has demonstrated that it is more powerful and highly useful for a variety of biological functions with a less hazardous structure.  Numerous medications on the market have a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in their composition.