Tuberculous meningitis is one of the most severe forms of tuberculosis and poses a significant life-threatening risk, particularly for patients living with HIV. HIV-associated immunodeficiency markedly alters the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease, resulting in atypical presentations, rapid progression, and a high incidence of severe neurological complications. Patients often present with prolonged fever, headache, changes in mental status, and focal neurological deficits, while classical meningeal signs may be less noticeable, leading to delays in diagnosis. Laboratory and cerebrospinal fluid findings are frequently nonspecific, and distinguishing the disease from other opportunistic central nervous system infections remains a major diagnostic challenge. Early recognition of tuberculous meningitis, timely initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and careful management of antiretroviral treatment-including prevention and control of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-are critical for improving clinical outcomes in HIV-infected patients.

Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions that complicate diagnosis and treatment. This study investigates the clinical manifestations, microbiological characteristics, and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB in patients with associated diseases. A cohort of 120 patients with confirmed MDR-TB was analyzed, of whom 58 had one or more comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV infection, and cardiovascular diseases. The study found that comorbidities altered the clinical presentation of MDR-TB, often leading to atypical radiological patterns and prolonged bacterial persistence. Microbiological analysis revealed higher rates of extensive drug resistance and delayed sputum conversion in patients with comorbidities. Treatment outcomes were less favorable in this group, with increased rates of treatment failure and adverse drug reactions. The findings underscore the need for individualized treatment strategies and integrated care approaches for MDR-TB patients with comorbid conditions to improve clinical outcomes.

Down syndrome (DS), resulting from the trisomy of chromosome 21, represents one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability, occurring in approximately 1 in 700 live births worldwide. Children with Down syndrome exhibit a distinctive profile of developmental challenges, with speech and language impairments constituting particularly prominent and persistent features of their phenotype. The communication difficulties experienced by these children are characterized by a striking discrepancy between receptive and expressive language abilities, with expressive language typically more severely affected and following an atypical developmental trajectory compared to neurotypical peers.

Pterygium is a relatively common disease of the eye surface. Its clinical aspects and treatment methods have been studied for many years, but there are still many uncertainties, as in other diseases. The main pathological mechanisms in the development of pterygium remain interesting to researchers. In addition to the refractive properties of pterygium removal, the role of pterygium in corneal disorders is increasingly recognized in many studies. The association between pterygium and ocular surface neoplasia challenges traditional notions of the safe profile of this disease. The need for a comprehensive clinical classification system has helped to homogenize studies and predict the frequency of recurrence of pterygium after surgical removal. The development of surgical techniques is associated with some complications, the diagnosis and treatment of which are essential for ophthalmic surgeons. According to the review, ultraviolet radiation remains the main risk factor for the development of pterygium. A key part of the clinical evaluation should be to distinguish between typical and atypical pterygium, the latter of which may be associated with increased risk of ocular surface neoplasia. The effect of the pterygium on astigmatism and corneal aberration may require early removal to reduce secondary refractive errors.

This article is devoted to directions for working with children with cerebral palsy.  It shows how to treat children and study their mental experience.

This article discusses the syntactic analysis of the structure of simple sentences in Uzbek and the characteristics of different oppositions in simple sentences in French. Examples from oral speech are taken as the object of analysis, and their translation is compared.