The global decline in the incidence rate of meningococcal infection, which is observed in the last decade, does not exclude the possibility of new outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. The previous pandemic of meningococcal infection in the world was noted in the 70s. last century, when the incidence rate reached 16-17 people per 100 thousand people. Epidemics of meningococcal infection occur unexpectedly and still cannot be predicted. Currently, MI cases are recorded in more than 150 countries of the world, and Uzbekistan is one of them. The article presents long-term observations (analysis of the age structure of the incidence of meningococcal infection, a monthly analysis of the incidence in the city of Tashkent) and some epidemiological features of meningococcal infection in the world and in Uzbekistan.

Background: Trace elements such as copper, zinc, magnesium, etc. are the minerals present in living tissues in small concentrations, which primarily act as catalysts in the enzyme system. Literature has indicated the role and alteration of trace elements in viral infections. However, the role of trace elements in SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear so far. Aim: The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review to find out the role of trace elements in SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on trace elements. Material and Method: The relevant studies were searched in PubMed and clinical trial websites, and screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of studies was assessed using NIH quality assessment tools. Results: A total of 19 studies were found relevant after screening 23,570 studies. The level of zinc was found to be decreased, the level of magnesium was found to be altered, and the level of copper was found to be increased after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Thus, supplementation of a particular trace element can be useful as an add-on therapy for COVID-19 infection. Further, more studies are required to find out the exact role of these elements in COVID-19 infection.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains one of the most significant challenges in global tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). HIV infection dramatically increases the risk of reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This article presents a comprehensive review and analytical assessment of the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, preventive therapy, and public health implications of LTBI in HIV-infected individuals. Special attention is given to immunological mechanisms underlying reactivation, limitations of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in immunocompromised populations, and current WHO recommendations for tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, integrated TB-HIV programs, and personalized preventive approaches to reduce TB incidence among PLHIV. Strengthening LTBI screening and preventive treatment strategies remains critical to achieving global TB elimination goals

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in HIV infection is one of the most serious and commonly encountered neurological complications in HIV-positive individuals. The human immunodeficiency virus can penetrate nervous system cells at the early stages of infection, leading to a wide range of clinical manifestations—from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia, as well as opportunistic infections and malignancies. The most common CNS-related conditions associated with HIV include HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) play a crucial role in the prevention and management of these conditions. This paper discusses the main clinical forms, mechanisms of CNS involvement, diagnostic methods, and current treatment strategies for neurological complications of HIV infection.

O'RVI (o'tkir respirator virusli infektsiya) har qanday odamga ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan ommaviy virusli infektsiya bo'lib, uning tarqalishi qishda va erta bahorda ko'proq kuzatiladi. Grippning qo'zg'atuvchisi infektsiyalangan odamlardan atrofdagilarga burun va hiqildoq yo'llari orqali o'tadigan virusdir. Gripp ko'plab yuqumli kasalliklardan kasal odamdan sog'lom odamga - havo tomchilari orqali yuqishi, infektsiyadan bir kun o'tib kasallikni keltirib chiqarishi bilan ajralib turadi. Gripp va O'RVI kasalligini oldini olish - bu kasallikni keltirib chiqaradigan viruslar bilan inson tanasining infektsiyasini oldini olishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar majmuidir.

The clinical rate of herpetic stomatitis in patients infected with TORCh is directly related to the state of the body's immune system, it affects the development of the herpes infection process by changing the ratio of its components. Patients suffering from herpes virus infection have various symptoms of immunodeficiency, which indicates that herpes infection is a disease of the immune system [1.4.5].

Herpetic infection is a constant companion of humans in modern civilization; it is completely unnecessary to talk about its prevalence. The frequency of contamination with different types of herpes viruses in the human population reaches approximately 67%. Allergic diseases also became a serious medical and social problem in the second half of the 20th century, and the trend towards an increase in the frequency of their manifestations in children and adults continues in the 21st century, so this pattern is already designated as an epidemic of the 20th and 21st centuries. It is not surprising that herpetic infection is very often combined with allergic diseases, which, apparently, cannot but influence both the course of the herpetic infection and the characteristics of the manifestation of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic bronchial asthma, and allergic urticaria.

Latent tuberculosis infection remains one of the most persistent global public health threats. It is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that approximately 25 percent of the world's population is infected with latent tuberculosis bacilli. Although individuals with latent tuberculosis do not show clinical symptoms and are not contagious, around 5 to 10 percent of them will eventually develop active tuberculosis disease during their lifetime, particularly when the immune system is weakened. Therefore, early detection and preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection are critical components in breaking the transmission cycle of tuberculosis. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test has become an important diagnostic tool for identifying latent tuberculosis infection, particularly in settings where Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is common, which can reduce the specificity of the traditional Tuberculin Skin Test (TST). This interferon-gamma release assay provides greater accuracy, faster results, and fewer false positives caused by previous BCG vaccination or exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

The article presents the features of changes in placental tissue in pregnant women with herpes virus infection. A microscopic description, organometry, and macroscopic examination of 63 subsequent samples taken from women in labor with a genital form of herpes virus infection were carried out.

Диагностика сепсиса — это очень сложный вопрос. Около 30% случаев сепсиса остаётся без бактериологического подтверждения. В 40-45% случаев сепсис вызывается стафилококками. Однако в 80% случаях хирургические инфекции сочетаются с анаэробной инфекцией. Наиболее актуальным считаются хирургические методы лечения сепсиса. Особенно, если сепсис является следствием воспалительных заболеваний мягких тканей, лечение которых должно начинаться с неотложного хирургического вмешательства.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to the persistence of active tuberculosis (TB) cases. Early and accurate detection of LTBI is essential for effective TB control strategies, yet current diagnostic methods face substantial limitations. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are widely used, but both exhibit variable sensitivity, specificity, and logistical constraints, particularly in low-resource settings. Moreover, distinguishing LTBI from active TB and determining the risk of progression to active disease remains an ongoing issue. This article reviews the current diagnostic landscape for LTBI, highlights existing gaps, and explores emerging technologies with the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and accessibility. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving global TB prevention efforts and achieving the goals outlined in the End TB Strategy.

Immun tizimi zaif odamlarda uchraydigan kandidoz OIV aniqlangan bemorlarda eng ko‘p uchraydigan zamburug‘li infeksiyasi bo‘lib, kasallik kechishini yomonlashtirib, bemorlar hayot sifati hamda davomiyligiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu infeksiyasi asosan teri va a’zo hamda tizimlarning shilliq qavatlariga ta’sir qilib, ko‘pincha invaziv shaklda uchraganligi sababli jiddiy shkatlanishlarni yuzaga keltiradi. OIV bilan kasallangan bemorlarning 90% dan ko‘prog‘ida rivojlanadigan ushbu infeksiya faol ART boshlashdan avvalgi va OITSning keyingi bosqichlarida yanada yaqolroq kuzatiladi. Taqdim etilgan ushbu sharhda OIV fonida rivojlangan kandidoz epidemiologiyasi va uni aniqlashning dolzarbligi va unga qarshi kurashishning o‘ziga xosligini tahlil qilish asosiy vazifa qilib olingan. Ma’lumki, kandidoz rivojlanishiga bir nechta Candida turlari sabab bo‘ladi va kandidozni keltirib chiqaradigan har bir qo‘zg‘atuvchini molekulyar darajada identifikatsiyalash muhim hisoblanadi.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family and the Flavivirus genus, which caused a significant epidemic in the Americas in 2015 (Song et al., 2017). Gestational ZIKV infection was soon linked to neurodevelopmental complications in fetuses, leading to various adverse outcomes such as intrauterine growth restriction, fetal death, miscarriage, stillbirth, and ocular abnormalities (Alvarado & Schwartz, 2017; Coyne & Lazear, 2016). Among these, microcephaly emerged as the most prominent clinical manifestation and is now well-established as a consequence of ZIKV vertical transmission (Wang & Ling, 2016; Li et al., 2016). While microcephaly was initially considered the primary neurological outcome of congenital ZIKV infection, recent studies have demonstrated that children affected by ZIKV in utero, even without microcephaly, may still exhibit neurodevelopmental delays (Sobral da Silva et al., 2021). Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that ZIKV-induced pathogenesis extends beyond the immediate postnatal period, with potential long-term effects on neurological development.

В статье представлены результаты изучения анамнестических, клинических и инструментально-лабораторных  данных и факторы риска, наблюдения за 80 новорожденными с внутриутробным инфицированием и гемолитической болезнью средней и тяжелой степени тяжести, находившихся на стационарном лечении в отделении патологии новорожденных и отделении неонатальной реанимации Самаркандского областного детского многопрофильного медицинского центра г. Самарканда в период с 2021 по 2023 годы.

Мақолада катталар популяциясида менингококк инфекциясининг (МИ) замонавий хусусиятларининг ҳар томонлама таҳлили келтирилган. Эпидемиологик назорати ва халқаро тадқиқотлар маълумотларига асосланиб, касалланишнинг ҳозирги тенденциялари, ижтимоий омилларнинг роли (уюшган гуруҳлар, миграция) мавсумий учраш чачтатаси кўриб чиқилган. Клиник кечишнинг замонавий хусусиятлари, назофарингит ва менингококкемиядан йирингли менингит ва Waterhouse-Friderichsen синдроми билан фулминант шаклларгача батафсил тавсифланган. Касалликнинг бошланишида ўзгарувчанлиги, эрта ташхис қўйишдаги қийинчиликлар  геморрагик тошмаларнинг полиморфизмига ва ҳаёт учун хавфли асоратларнинг юқори хавфлиг (инфекцион токсик шок, DIC синдроми, мия шиши, кўп аъзолар етишмовчилиги) алоҳида эътибор қаратилган. Замонавий лаборатория диагностика усулларининг имкониятлари чекланган бўлиб (микроскопия, ПЗР, ИФА) таҳлил қилинишда, текширишнинг муҳим аҳамияти таъкидланади. Бирламчи тиббий ёрдам шифокорлари ва мутахассисларининг МИ бўйича ҳушёрлигини ошириш, хавф гуруҳларида эпидемиологик назорат ва иммунопрофилактикани яхшилаш зарурати асосланади.

Ушбу мақолада сепсиснинг замонавий тиббиётдаги ўрни, унинг ривожланиш сабаблари, патогенез механизмлари, клиник белгиларининг турлари ва шошилинч ҳолат сифатидаги аҳамияти муҳокама қилинади. Сепсис — организмнинг юқумли агентларга жавоб сифатидаги оғир системали яллиғланиш реакциясидир. У вақтли аниқланмаса ва тўғри даволанмаса, кўплаб органлар етишмовчилиги ва ўлимга олиб келиши мумкин. Мақолада сепсис диагностикасида қўлланиладиган замонавий лаборатор ва инструментал усуллар, шунингдек, антибиотикотерапия, инфузион терапия ва органларни қўллаб-қувватлаш каби даволашнинг замонавий ёндашувлари ҳақида маълумотлар келтирилган.

Surunkali pielonefrit (CP) buyrak parenximasining infektsiyasi bo'lib, u odatda tizimli yallig'lanish belgilari bilan bog'liq, chunki isitma mavjudligi odatda buyrak shikastlanishining ko'rsatkichidir. Buyraklar va siydik yo'llari odatda mikroblardan xoli bo'ladi. CPning aksariyat holatlari najasdan kelib chiqadigan organizmlarning siydik yo'llari orqali kirib borishi natijasida yuzaga keladi va periuretral to'qimalarni siydik pufagiga, keyinchalik buyraklarga kirib boradi. Odatda, siydik drenaji siydik yo'llariga kiradigan bakteriyalarni yuvish orqali infektsiyani oldini oladi.

В статье представлены результаты изучения анамнестических, клинических и инструментально-лабораторных  данных наблюдения за 80 новорожденными с внутриутробным инфицированием и гемолитической болезнью средней и тяжелой степени тяжести, находившихся на стационарном лечении в отделении патологии новорожденных и отделении неонатальной реанимации Самаркандского областного детского многопрофильного медицинского центра г. Самарканда в период с 2021 по 2023 годы.

The oral cavity is one of the main gates for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); the oral cavity also suffers greatly from this infection, because it is one of the most vulnerable places. In addition, since the salivary glands can serve as a reservoir for viruses and support their release into the external environment, it was concluded that saliva, as a component of oral fluid, can play an important role in the spread of coronavirus infection. This is mainly due to the ACE-2 receptor, which have a high level of expression in the keratinized surface epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, especially in the epithelial cells of the dorsal part of the tongue, tonsils, vocal cords, salivary glands and sinuses, due to which the virus replicates in and causes both oral lesions and oral symptoms mouth After entering the cell, the virus delays the response of the immune system, allowing the infection to progress, and it becomes much more difficult to fight it. Accordingly, due to the relatively high level of COVID-19-associated complications, timely diagnosis of clinical forms, including high-risk patients with prognosis their clinical course and the selection of drug treatment appropriate to the severity of the clinical course remain quite complex and controversial issues. It was emphasized that in some cases oral symptoms may be the initial or only sign of disease, and dentists should take this into account when performing a thorough clinical examination of the oral cavity.

Maqsad: HPV-statusi bo'yicha bachadon bo'yni patologiyasi bo'lgan homilador ayollarda vaginal mikrobiotaning holatini baholash va uning kasallik rivojlanishidagi rolini aniqlash. Materiallar va metodlar: 180 ta reproduktiv yoshdagi ayol 3 guruhga bo'lib tekshirildi: I guruh — bachadon bo'yni patologiyasi va HPV infeksiyasi bo'lgan 60 ta homilador; II guruh — HPV siz 60 ta homilador; III guruh — HPV bilan bachadon bo'yni patologiyasi bo'lgan 60 ta homilador bo'lmagan ayollar. Natijalar: Vaginal mikrobiotaning buzilishi I va III guruhlarda II guruhga nisbatan aniq ko'proq aniqlandi. Bakterial vaginoz I guruhda 26, II guruhda 10, III guruhda 28 ta bemorada aniqlandi (р<0,001). Xulosa: Vaginal disbiotik o'zgarishlar HPV infeksiyasi bilan chambarchas bog'liq va bachadon bo'yni patologiyasining og'irligiga to'g'ri mutanosib.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to WHO, in 2021, 1.4 million HIV-negative and 187,000 HIV-positive TB deaths were reported worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an immune response against M. tuberculosis without clinical manifestations or radiological evidence of active TB. Current diagnostic methods are insufficient to differentiate between healthy and latently infected populations. Here, we used a machine learning approach to analyze publicly available proteomic data from saliva and serum in Ethiopia's healthy, latent TB (LTBI) and active TB (ATBI) people. Our analysis discovered a profile of six proteins, Mast Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1, Hemopexin, Lamin A/C, Small Proline Rich Protein 2F, Immunoglobulin Kappa Variable 4-1, and Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 2 that can precisely differentiate between the healthy and latently infected populations. This data suggests that a combination of six host proteins can serve as accurate biomarkers to diagnose latent infection. This is important for populations living in high-risk areas as it may help in the surveillance and prevention of severe disease.

Reactive arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory joint disease that develops as a response to an infection in the body, and the infection itself may not directly affect the joints. Reactive arthritis often occurs a few weeks after a urogenital or intestinal infection.  In recent years, the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been quite high. According to WHO estimates, 330 million new cases of STDs are registered annually in the world, among which there is a rapid increase in the number of diseases caused by trichomonas, chlamydia, ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas, as well as herpes, human papillomavirus and others.

Ревматоидный артрит (РА) — ревматологическое заболевание, сопровождающееся суставным синдромом, функционально характеризующееся эрозивным поражением и деструкцией суставов. Заболевание встречается преимущественно у лиц молодого и среднего возраста и приводит к ранней инвалидизации больных, что в свою очередь определяет социальную значимость и актуальность проблемы. Инфекция COVID-19 обусловила новые черты течения РА, что определяет медицинскую и социальную актуальность изучения проблемы.

Изучены основные осложнения, возникающие в процессе лечения внутрисуставных переломов, их частота, причины и методы профилактики. Анализ клинических случаев показал, что наиболее распространёнными осложнениями являются инфекционные процессы, несращение, артрофиброз и посттравматический артроз. Предложены современные подходы профилактики, включающие оптимальный выбор метода фиксации, раннюю функциональную терапию и профилактику инфекций. Полученные результаты позволяют улучшить исходы лечения и снизить частоту послеоперационных осложнений.

Nosocomial infections (NI) remain one of the most pressing healthcare issues worldwide. Their significance is determined by high morbidity and mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and the economic costs associated with treating complications.