Diseases of the visual organ and its accessory structures remain one of the key public health concerns, significantly impacting quality of life, work capacity, and social activity. This study analyzes ophthalmological morbidity in the Republic of Uzbekistan, focusing on the dynamics and structure of disease distribution. Official statistics from the Ministry of Health were used, covering age, territorial, and temporal aspects. The findings indicate a moderate increase in the total number of registered cases, with notable regional and age-related variations. Wave-like fluctuations in morbidity levels were observed, along with a rise in cases among children and adolescents in certain years. Special attention is given to glaucoma as a socially significant disease with a high risk of disability. The data form a basis for further pharmacoeconomic analysis and can support the development of targeted programs for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as the justification of strategies for optimizing healthcare resource allocation.

The article analyses the yearly growing number of deaths from cardiovascular disease on the planet, the non-communicable diseases representing the main part of morbidity and premature deaths of including the ischemic heart disease, the morbidity from ischemic heart disease and the role of risk factors in the increase in death, the risk levels of different risk factors in the development of ischemic disease and death, separately and in combination.

The article analyses the yearly growing number of deaths from cardiovascular disease on the planet, the non-communicable diseases representing the main part of morbidity and premature deaths of including the ischemic heart disease, the morbidity from ischemic heart disease and the role of risk factors in the increase in death, the risk levels of different risk factors in the development of ischemic disease and death, separately and in combination

55 pregnant women with anemia and their children participated in the study. 20 pregnant women without anemia took part in the study as a control group.The structure of morbidity and severity of anemia of pregnant women and its consequences for fetal development and early adaptation of a newborn were investigated.The morbidity structure, the severity of anemia and the influence of mothers’ anemia to the fetuses and newborns were revealed.Iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women aggravates the course of the gestational process, causes a number of complications in childbirth and the postpartum period, affects the development of fetal and newborn pathology.It is shown that iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women is a polyethological disease with a complex pathogenesis, accompanied byiron-and folate-deficient conditions and an imbalance of the most important trace elements.

Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, remains a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term health complications among surviving infants. Children born prematurely are at higher risk of developing respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, neurological impairments, and delays in both physical growth and cognitive development. Nevertheless, timely medical intervention and appropriate neonatal care can considerably improve outcomes in this vulnerable group.The compensatory and adaptive responses of the fetoplacental system in preterm birth represent a set of structural and functional adjustments aimed at sustaining fetal viability when pregnancy ends earlier than expected. These processes involve modifications in placental morphology and function, as well as alterations in fetal metabolic activity. Placental dysfunction, often referred to as placental insufficiency, is closely linked with several obstetric complications, including pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, both of which increase the likelihood of preterm labor—a leading global cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although the term “placental insufficiency” is widely used in clinical practice, the lack of a standardized definition and universally accepted diagnostic criteria complicates its interpretation and clinical application.

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains the most problematic complication of pancreatic surgery, occurring in 10–30% of resections and accounting for up to 60% of severe morbidity and two-thirds of total treatment costs. The 2005 ISGPF classification introduced a three-tier grading system (A, B, C), but Grade A—lacking clinical impact—artificially inflated fistula rates and reduced inter-rater reliability. The 2016 ISGPS revision reclassified Grade A as “biochemical leak,” redefining Grades B and C using objective thresholds (drainage >3 weeks, need for intervention, organ failure, reoperation, or death). This review compares the 2005 and 2016 definitions across 37,259 patients from 38 centers. The 2016 update halved the crude POPF rate (28.0% → 14.1%) without changing the incidence of clinically relevant POPF (11.0%).

55 pregnant women with anemia and their children participated in the study. 20 pregnant women without anemia took part in the study as a control group.The structure of morbidity and severity of anemia of pregnant women and its consequences for fetal development and early adaptation of a newborn were investigated.The morbidity structure, the severity of anemia and the influence of mothers’ anemia to the fetuses and newborns were revealed.Iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women aggravates the course of the gestational process, causes a number of complications in childbirth and the postpartum period, affects the development of fetal and newborn pathology.It is shown that iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women is a polyethological disease with a complex pathogenesis, accompanied byiron-and folate-deficient conditions and an imbalance of the most important trace elements.

About one in four people worldwide suffer from iron ID, the most common micronutrient deficiency. Children, women of reproductive age, and those living in low- and middle-income nations are disproportionately affected. With effects ranging from decreased physical performance and quality of life in adults to increased risks during pregnancy, including low birth weight, preterm delivery, and maternal mortality, as well as impaired cognitive and motor development in children, it substantially adds to the global burden of disease. Though clinical and functional abnormalities, including exhaustion, immunological dysfunction, and cognitive deficiencies, can happen even in the absence of anemia, ID frequently occurs before IDA. According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects 30% of the population worldwide, making it the most prevalent dietary deficiency. Reduced dietary iron and decreased iron absorption are additional contributing factors to IDA, even though gastrointestinal bleeding and women's menstruation are the most frequent causes. Restoring iron reserves and bringing hemoglobin levels back to normal should be the goals of treatment for patients with IDA. This has been demonstrated to enhance pregnancy outcomes, morbidity, quality of life, and the prognosis for chronic illnesses. Numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure, are associated with iron deficiency. An updated summary of the diagnosis and treatment of IDA in patients with chronic illnesses, both before and during pregnancy, will be given in this article. Along with a summary of the cost comparison of the various iron formulations now available on the market, we will go over the advantages and disadvantages of oral versus intravenous iron replacement in each group. 

This review focuses on the most important research topics that deal with issues that are currently being solved, those that remain unresolved, and future research directions. For the hepatitis A virus, we will address epidemiology, molecular surveillance, new susceptible populations, as well as environmental and food detections; for the hepatitis B virus, we will discuss host factors related to disease, diagnosis, therapy, and vaccine. Viral hepatitis, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses, is a significant public health issue and a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality. As for the hepatitis D virus, we describe diagnostic methodology, pathogenesis, and therapy; for the hepatitis E virus, we will discuss epidemiology (including new emerging species), diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment, vaccine development, and environmental surveillance; and for the hepatitis C virus, we will concentrate on pathogenesis, immunological response, direct action antiviral treatment in the context of solid organ transplantation, problems associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, direct action antiviral resistance due to selection of resistance-associated variants and vaccination.

The study of the state of health of children and adolescents under the influence of the environment is the leading direction of modern hygienic research.This is caused, on the one hand, by the increasing anthropogenic impact on nature and the associated deterioration of the ecological situation, on the other hand, by the emergence of a complex of new, mainly technogenic environmental factors - xenobiotics that can have a significant effect on humans, especially in the early stages of development of body systems. The most sensitive to the effects of both negative and positive environmental factors are children and adolescents.

Oral tumors and cysts are common pathological entities in the oral cavity that can significantly affect both functional and aesthetic aspects of the jaw and surrounding structures. These lesions may be classified as benign or malignant, and cystic formations, with varying clinical presentations, growth patterns, and recurrence potential. Early detection and accurate diagnosis through clinical examination, radiographic imaging, and histopathological evaluation are essential for effective management. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment modality, with the choice of technique dependent on lesion type, size, location, and aggressiveness. Postoperative care, including monitoring for complications and recurrence, plays a critical role in achieving favorable outcomes. Advances in minimally invasive, laser-assisted, and computer-guided surgical techniques, combined with regenerative approaches, have improved treatment precision, reduced morbidity, and enhanced functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. This study provides a comprehensive review of the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic strategies, surgical management, postoperative care, and recurrence patterns of oral tumors and cysts, emphasizing evidence-based approaches for optimal patient care.

Nosocomial infections (NI) remain one of the most pressing healthcare issues worldwide. Their significance is determined by high morbidity and mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and the economic costs associated with treating complications.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current features of meningococcal infection (MI) in the adult population. Based on data from the epidemiological surveillance of the and international studies, current trends in morbidity are considered, including a shift in peaks towards adolescents and young adults, the role of social factors (organized groups, crowding, migration) and seasonal fluctuations. The modern features of the clinical picture are described in detail: from nasopharyngitis and meningococcemia to purulent meningitis and fulminant forms with Waterhouse-Friederiksen syndrome. Special attention is paid to the variability of the onset of the disease, the difficulties of early diagnosis (masquerading as acute respiratory viral infections, absence of pathognomonic symptoms), polymorphism of hemorrhagic rash and a high risk of life-threatening complications (infectious and toxic shock, DIC syndrome, cerebral edema, multiple organ failure). The possibilities and limitations of modern laboratory diagnostic methods (microscopy, culture examination, PCR, ELISA) are analyzed, and the critical importance of early etiological verification for prognosis is emphasized. The necessity of strengthening the vigilance of primary care physicians and specialists in relation to MI in adults, improving epidemiological surveillance and immunoprophylaxis in risk groups is substantiated

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are two major conditions frequently encountered in clinical practice, particularly among elderly patients. According to multiple studies, approximately 30–40% of patients with CKD also suffer from CAD, while up to 50% of CAD patients exhibit signs of CKD. CKD significantly increases the risk of developing CAD, especially in advanced stages, where cardiovascular morbidity is 2–4 times higher compared to individuals with normal renal function. Patients with concurrent CAD and CKD often present with increased arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, water-electrolyte imbalance, and elevated liver and kidney enzyme levels. Performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in such patients requires an integrated approach, taking into account drug interactions, renal protection strategies, and careful monitoring of blood pressure, serum urea, creatinine, and glucose. Despite the clinical importance, there is still a lack of research focused on the impact of CKD on PCI outcomes, particularly in the Uzbek population.

Varicose veins of the lower extremities (VVLD) is an expansion of the superficial veins of the lower extremities. Varicose veins are observed in a large number of people around the world. Varicose veins in women usually appear at the beginning of pregnancy, at the moment when hormonal changes occur. The rather high morbidity of traditional operations for varicose veins, a long period of postoperative disability, determine the medical and social significance of this problem.

Abdominoperineal resection (APR) remains a standard surgical approach for patients with low rectal adenocarcinoma when sphincter preservation is not oncologically feasible. Despite its effectiveness in achieving local disease control, APR is associated with a high incidence of postoperative male sexual dysfunction, primarily erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory disorders. These complications arise mainly from injury to the pelvic autonomic nervous system during deep pelvic dissection. This article reviews the anatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sexual dysfunction after APR, evaluates nerve-sparing surgical strategies, and summarizes clinical evidence on functional outcomes. A narrative analysis of published clinical studies indicates that preservation of the hypogastric nerves and pelvic plexus significantly improves postoperative sexual function without compromising oncologic radicality in selected patients. Comprehensive preoperative assessment and structured postoperative rehabilitation are essential components of patient-centered care. Integrating nerve-sparing principles into APR, when oncologically safe, can mitigate sexual morbidity and improve long-term quality of life.

Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid profiles, is frequently observed in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This condition has gained attention due to its potential impact on the progression of COPD and its association with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to COPD are multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in lipid metabolism. These changes may exacerbate the underlying pulmonary pathology and contribute to the higher cardiovascular risk seen in COPD patients. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential therapeutic strategies to address dyslipidemia in the context of COPD. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection, monitoring of lipid profiles, and the role of lipid-modifying agents in improving patient outcomes.

This article investigates the pervasive issue of insufficient awareness regarding heart disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The exploration encompasses the consequences of limited awareness, the factors contributing to this gap, and potential strategies to enhance public understanding. Key themes include the importance of cardiovascular health education, the role of lifestyle choices in heart disease prevention, and the need for targeted awareness campaigns. Aimed at healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public, this article seeks to catalyze efforts in addressing the critical knowledge deficit surrounding heart disease.

Bacterial infections significantly affect morbidity and mortality connected to public health.  Bacterial infections continue to be a huge global economic and social burden despite great advancements in their prevention and treatment. ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) is a list of six very pathogenic, multidrug-resistant bacteria that cause potentially fatal illnesses.  The most common causes of nosocomial infections include Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. (C. jejuni and C. coli), Legionella spp., Salmonella spp. and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The early commencement of effective antibiotic therapy, the resolution of outbreaks, and the reduction of subsequent antimicrobial resistance all depend on the prompt and precise diagnosis of these bacteria.

Cholestatic hepatosis of pregnancy (CHP) is the most common liver pathology during pregnancy. This disease has a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. The main clinical manifestation is skin itching without skin rashes. CHP leads to the development of pregnancy complications such as premature birth, severe respiratory distress syndrome, often accompanied by meconium staining of amniotic fluid. These complications of pregnancy and the perinatal period are accompanied by high perinatal morbidity and mortality. In this article, we describe two cases of pregnancy complicated by intrahepatic cholestasis, with early neonatal death of newborns in two perinatal centers in Tashkent. The conducted anamnestic, clinical and pathomorphological study, as well as the identification of possible predictors of perinatal death of newborns from mothers with cholestatic hepatosis of pregnancy will help prevent negative outcomes in the future.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains one of the most significant challenges in global tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). HIV infection dramatically increases the risk of reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This article presents a comprehensive review and analytical assessment of the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, preventive therapy, and public health implications of LTBI in HIV-infected individuals. Special attention is given to immunological mechanisms underlying reactivation, limitations of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in immunocompromised populations, and current WHO recommendations for tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, integrated TB-HIV programs, and personalized preventive approaches to reduce TB incidence among PLHIV. Strengthening LTBI screening and preventive treatment strategies remains critical to achieving global TB elimination goals

In recent years, measles has been recorded as a rather alarming situation that leaves serious complications in the future, and monitoring the implementation of serious preventive measures against this disease by medical personnel is of great importance. It is also worth noting that preventive vaccination to prevent the disease is the main criterion for preventing serious complications from this disease. To achieve this, it is very important that all children receive a two-dose preventive vaccination.

Hyperplastic processes of the endometrium is one of the most urgent problems of gynecology due to the high frequency of
occurrence (in the structure of gynecological morbidity - from 30 to 55%), the possibility of recurrence and malignancy [2, 5, 6, 8]. The issues of oncological transformation of the endometrium in patients of reproductive age are especially significant in connection with the upcoming implementation of the reproductive function [1, 11]. The study included 100 patients (mean age 34.7 ± 3.2 years) who applied to the gynecological hospital during 2019-2021. 

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe. While well-established risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles are frequently studied, the contribution of environmental determinants; especially climate and geography has received comparatively less attention. Arid regions, characterized by persistent high temperatures, scarce vegetation, limited water resources, and low humidity, create unique physiological and lifestyle stressors that may accelerate cardiovascular risk. In these areas, dehydration, thermal strain, salt retention due to restricted water intake, and reduced access to healthcare services collectively intensify the burden of CBD. This study investigates the influence of arid climate and geographic determinants on cardiovascular health outcomes, with a focus on variations across age and sex. By identifying patterns of vulnerability such as the higher susceptibility of older adults and men. This research emphasizes the need for tailored preventive strategies adapted to environmental realities.

Dementia is one of the most significant medical and social problems of modern society, which is caused by a steady increase in morbidity associated with an increase in the life expectancy of the population. According to the World Health Organization, there are more than 55 million people with dementia worldwide, and that number could triple by 2050. In these conditions, the search for effective therapies that can not only alleviate the symptoms of the disease, but also influence its pathogenetic mechanisms, becomes particularly relevant.