The prevalence of obesity is escalating globally, posing a significant health challenge. Its impact on cardiovascular health stems from both the direct effects of obesity and its association with various comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, and sleep apnea syndrome. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are notably exacerbated by obesity. Structural and functional alterations of the heart induced by obesity contribute to the development of heart failure, while the modified myocardial structure heightens susceptibility to atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Intriguingly, obesity exhibits a paradoxical protective effect on the clinical outcomes of underlying cardiovascular diseases, termed the "obesity paradox." Advancements in cardiac imaging techniques enable the early identification of cardiac structural and functional changes in obese individuals. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, delineating the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, it highlights emerging cardiac diagnostic methods that facilitate the timely detection and management of subclinical conditions, thereby averting cardiovascular events.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the relationship between obesity and arterial blood pressure. The paper analyzes the impact of overweight and obesity on blood pressure, the mechanisms underlying the development of obesity, various factors contributing to hypertension, and the biological mechanisms involved (including changes occurring in the heart and blood vessels in obesity.In addition, methods for identifying and assessing obesity and overweight, diagnostic approaches, prevention strategies, and modern treatment methods are also examined.To further investigate the relationship between obesity and arterial blood pressure, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 100 patients. Their blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and other relevant indicators were measured and compared.

The prevalence of pediatric hypertension has increased in parallel with the global rise in childhood obesity, representing a major public health concern. Obesity is a significant and modifiable risk factor for elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents, contributing to early cardiovascular target organ damage and long-term risk of adult hypertension. Mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension include insulin resistance, sympathetic nervous system activation, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate a dose–response relationship between excess adiposity and blood pressure, with central obesity posing particularly high risk. Early detection and intervention are critical, emphasizing regular blood pressure monitoring, lifestyle modification, and family-centered strategies to prevent and manage obesity-related hypertension. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of pediatric hypertension in the context of childhood obesity, highlighting the need for early prevention to reduce lifelong cardiovascular risk.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the increasing prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes contributing to its rising incidence. Among these risk factors, abdominal obesity has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its strong association with cardiovascular events. Abdominal obesity, particularly the accumulation of visceral fat, has been identified as a key player in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, which is a major cause of CAD. The pathophysiological mechanisms linking abdominal obesity to coronary events are multifactorial, with endothelial dysfunction emerging as one of the most important mediators.

In recent years, obesity and insulin resistance have become increasingly prevalent among men and are considered key pathogenetic factors in the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hormonal imbalance. In such conditions, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists—semaglutide and the dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist tirzepatide—have been recognized as effective pharmacological treatment options. This article analyzes the effects of these therapies on metabolic and hormonal parameters in men with obesity and insulin resistance. The results of clinical studies demonstrate that the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide is associated with significant weight reduction, improved insulin sensitivity, stabilization of glycemic control, and optimization of lipid metabolism. Moreover, weight loss and reduction of visceral adipose tissue contribute to the improvement of hormonal balance in men, particularly through an indirect increase in testosterone levels, reduction of leptin resistance, and enhancement of adiponectin secretion. The dual mechanism of action of tirzepatide further enhances its metabolic efficacy, providing superior clinical outcomes in patients with severe insulin resistance. This article highlights the role of GLP-1 agonists in the comprehensive management of metabolic and endocrine disorders in men and substantiates their clinical relevance.

Obesity is one of the problems that pose a serious threat to the health of the world's population. According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.7 billion people of the planet are overweight, and as of 2025, 40% of men and 50% of women are obese. Endocrinologist, dietician and nutritionist offer several ways to get rid of excess weight. In the method we have chosen, a person can eat the foods he likes as before, while continuing his lifestyle, day and work routine, only requires reducing the daily amount of his usual food by half. 100% positive results were achieved by monitoring 44 patients suffering from various degrees of obesity who strictly followed this method for 4-6 months.

Morbid obesity is a global public health problem requiring a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective method for long-term weight loss in patients with severe obesity. This paper highlights current aspects of perioperative patient management, including the diagnosis of comorbid conditions such as paraesophageal hernias, revision bariatric surgery strategies, and the role of reconstructive surgery in eliminating excess skin and fat after massive weight loss. Indications for abdominoplasty as the final stage of comprehensive treatment are discussed. An analysis of current approaches to microsurgical reconstruction of post-traumatic cicatricial contractures is presented. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic results is emphasized.

Metabolically associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) reflects the association of fatty liver disease with obesity and metabolic disorders. An experiment on rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity demonstrated the development of pathological changes ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis. Morphological examination revealed macrovesicular steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes, inflammatory infiltration, and signs of moderate fibrosis. Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes was also noted. The obtained results reproduce the key structural and morphological features of MASLD. This experimental model can be used for further pathogenetic and therapeutic studies.

The thyroid gland plays a key role in regulating female reproductive function, directly influencing the ovulatory cycle, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and overall endocrine balance. Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism and subclinical forms of thyroid dysfunction, are often associated with the development of endocrine infertility, especially in women with obesity or metabolic syndrome. Recent research shows that excess body weight and insulin resistance exacerbate thyroid dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle of metabolic and hormonal imbalances. This article examines the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and fertility disorders, presents the clinical and endocrinological characteristics of women with obesity, and analyzes current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine infertility associated with metabolic syndrome. Understanding these relationships is essential for developing effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of reproductive dysfunction.

In recent years, it is rare to find a person who has not   access heard about the "Problem of the 21st century" – obesity, do not have access to TV or information .The World Health Organization WHO estimates that obesity has become an epidemic worldwide [1]: with at least 2.8 million people dying  each year as a result of being overweight or obese. Currently, obesity,  previously associated with high-income countries, is also common in low-and middle-income countries. Being overweight and obese are major risk factors for a range of diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. 

Chronic purulent rhinosinusitis (CPRS) is one of the most prevalent upper respiratory tract diseases, with a significant impact on patients, particularly when combined with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Obesity, as part of metabolic syndrome (MS), exacerbates the clinical course of CPRS by promoting systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. This study aims to analyze the clinical, immunological, and biochemical features of CPRS in patients with and without metabolic syndrome.

30 children with overweight and obesity were examined, facts of impaired bone mineral density, more pronounced in obesity, were established, while a low supply of vitamin D was noted among school-age children and adolescents, regardless of body weight.

Ожирение носит характер неинфекционной пандемии и является серьезной проблемой во всем мире. По мере увеличения распространенности детского ожирения появляется все больше доказательств связи между ожирением и факторами риска нарушений менструального цикла.

Today, influence of the melatonin hormone on the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland and the process of ovariogenesis is widely studied as e new direction in the studt of reproductive problems of obese women. In addition obesity, which is a co-morbity of polycystic ovary syndrome, and its correlation with melatonin secretion are of interest to many people today. In this article, we talked about the importance of the problem mentioned above.

This review article is devoted to the mechanisms of formation and pathogenetic links of metabolic syndrome and obesity in
pediatric patients. The article summarizes the research of foreign authors and analyzes the important points of the pathogenesis of this pathology.

A review of scientific publications from 2010–2025 (PubMed, eLibrary, WHO, IDF, ScienceDirect) was conducted. Clinical, epidemiological, and molecular studies were included, focusing on the relationship between 25(OH)D and insulin resistance, β-cell function, inflammation, as well as diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular complications. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) occurs in 60–90% of the population and is closely associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. Domestic studies (Karonova T. L. et al., 2015; Stepanova A. P. et al., 2018; Pigarova E. A., Dzeranova L. K., 2024) confirm an inverse relationship between 25(OH)D and glucose levels, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and body weight. Global meta-analyses (Pittas A. G., 2019; Song Y., 2019 BMJ) demonstrate a reduced risk of T2DM with adequate vitamin D concentrations. Molecular data indicate the involvement of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the CYP27B1 enzyme in the regulation of β-cell insulin secretion, Ca²⁺ metabolism, and NF-κB inflammatory pathways. Vitamin D deficiency is a modifiable non-classical risk factor for T2DM and its complications. Screening and correction of 25(OH)D levels is recommended in individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, and prediabetes

Gastrocranial ballooning is a minimally invasive method of treating obesity based on the introduction of an intragastric balloon, which temporarily reduces the volume of the stomach and helps to reduce food intake. Gastric ballooning is a promising method of weight loss for patients looking for effective and minimally invasive solutions to the problem of obesity. However, the success of the procedure largely depends on the patient's willingness to change their lifestyle and adhere to medical recommendations. The article discusses the effectiveness of the method, statistical data from clinical studies, indications and contraindications, as well as the prospects for its use.

We studied 35 obese children aged 7 to 18 years, as well as 20 children with normal body weight.  A relationship was obtained between the severity of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, dyslipidemia in children and the level of microalbuminuria, which was expressed by an increase in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and a decrease in HDL, an increase in immunoreactive insulin and the IR HOMA R index in children with high microalbuminuria.  It was revealed that in children with obesity and microalbuminuria, renal hemodynamic disturbances are determined at the level of the interlobar and arch renal arteries.  A statistically significant decrease in Vmin at the level of large renal vessels allows us to consider these changes as a marker of early disorders of renal hemodynamics.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is seen as an important medical and social problem. NAFLD is often a component of
other diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and contributes to the prevalence in the population. In the early stages of the NAFLD are characterized by ineffectiveness of specific treatment and progressive progression of the disease due to the nonspecific clinical signs.

This review explores the scientific literature on pancreatic diseases, with a focus on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). It highlights the relationship between pancreatic health and obesity and examines the influence of pancreatic exocrine function on the development of adults and adolescents. Studies on piglets, a widely used model for optimizing treatments for human pancreatic diseases, are also referenced. The pancreas, a critical organ with both exocrine and hormonal functions, plays a central role in the health of animals and humans. Pancreatic disorders are often severe and challenging to manage. A balanced diet and appropriate dietary supplements can significantly improve patient outcomes and the progression of these diseases. Thus, a healthy lifestyle and diet are essential for maintaining the pancreas's optimal physiological function.

This review examines scientific literature on pancreatic diseases, with a focus on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), and explores the relationship between pancreatic health and obesity. It highlights the impact of pancreatic exocrine function on the physiological development of adults and adolescents. Studies conducted on piglets, frequently used as a model to optimize treatments for human pancreatic diseases, are also discussed. The pancreas, performing both exocrine and endocrine functions, is a vital organ in both humans and animals. Pancreatic diseases are often severe and challenging to manage. A well-balanced diet and appropriate dietary supplements can significantly enhance patient well-being and improve disease progression. Adopting a healthy diet and lifestyle plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal pancreatic function and overall physiological efficiency.

Gastric resection, a commonly performed surgical intervention for various gastrointestinal disorders such as cancer, ulcers, and obesity, introduces significant physiological and lifestyle changes with profound implications for patient health and well-being. This systematic review comprehensively explores the multifaceted outcomes associated with gastric resection, encompassing alterations in dietary patterns, nutritional deficiencies, dumping syndrome, challenges in weight management, and the spectrum of post-operative complications. By synthesizing a breadth of empirical research and clinical observations, this review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex landscape surrounding gastric resection. Emphasis is placed on the critical need for tailored patient care, interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, and proactive management strategies aimed at optimizing patient outcomes and fostering post-operative well-being. Through a holistic approach to patient care, this review underscores the importance of addressing the intricate needs of individuals undergoing gastric resection to promote resilience and enhance their overall quality of life.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that occurs in women of reproductive age. PCOS usually begins in adolescence, but symptoms may change over time.In recent decades, due to global urbanization and a decrease in physical activity, there has been an active increase in the number of people with overweight and obesity around the world, which makes this problem one of the most pressing for the medical community. Weight gain is associated with many associated diseases, including metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.

Endocrine diseases in school-age children have become a significant public health concern due to their long-term implications on growth, development, and overall well-being. Factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, nutritional imbalances, and lifestyle choices contribute to the increasing prevalence of endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, and growth hormone deficiencies. Effective prevention strategies include early screening programs, public health initiatives promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity, and increasing awareness among parents and educators. This paper explores the key risk factors associated with endocrine diseases in children and examines preventive measures based on recent research and policy recommendations.

Overweight and obesity are very common causes of infertility.  Violation of the cycle, violation of ovulation, the development of polycystic ovaries are companions of obesity in women. These problems can be eliminated through the practice of bariatric surgery. It is also possible to get rid of excess weight and infertility.