This paper explores the critical issue of women’s reproductive health, examining the impact of environmental and social factors. It discusses how ecological issues such as air pollution, food safety, and chemical exposure contribute to reproductive health challenges. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of social determinants such as education, economic stability, and healthcare access in shaping women’s health outcomes. Through the analysis of recent studies, statistical data, and case studies, the paper aims to shed light on these issues and provide actionable recommendations to improve reproductive health policies.

Reproductive health is a fundamental condition for a healthy society and a prosperous future for generations. In Kazakhstan, especially in Almaty, socioeconomic inequality, women’s lack of awareness of risks, and limited access to health services remain key challenges. The study, based on a cross-sectional quantitative methodology, included a survey of 320 women aged 18–49 years in eight districts of the Almaty city. Results showed that 59.4% of respondents experience pelvic pain, and 48.8% report changes in menstrual pain. However, 34.4% found it difficult to assess symptoms such as pain during sexual activity, indicating stigma around discussing reproductive health issues.

Gynecological diseases remain a significant public health concern among women of reproductive age and contribute substantially to morbidity, reduced quality of life, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Preventive healthcare services play a crucial role in early detection, risk reduction, and timely management of gynecological conditions. Women’s consultation clinics represent a key component of primary healthcare systems, providing accessible reproductive health services, preventive examinations, health education, and counseling. This study aims to evaluate the role and effectiveness of women’s consultation clinics in the prevention of gynecological diseases among women of reproductive age. Particular attention is given to preventive strategies, including routine gynecological examinations, screening programs, health education, and early diagnosis.

The article discusses current issues in gynecology in the XXI century, including women's reproductive rights, menopause issues, the relationship between mental and reproductive health, modern technology and telemedicine, oncology and early diagnosis issues, and the role of lifestyle and gender equality in health care. It also discusses current approaches and challenges facing gynecology, highlighting the need for an integrated approach to women's health and equal access to health services.

Infertility has become one of the most pressing global health challenges in recent decades, affecting millions of couples of reproductive age. In vitro fertilization (IVF) technology, a major breakthrough in reproductive medicine, has provided hope and opportunity for families struggling with infertility. This study aims to evaluate the role and future prospects of IVF technologies in the treatment of infertility between 2020 and 2024, focusing on both clinical and technological advancements. Statistical data from leading reproductive centers and international health organizations were analyzed to assess success rates, patient outcomes, and emerging trends. Our findings indicate that global IVF success rates have steadily increased from 33% in 2020 to nearly 42% in 2024, primarily due to advancements in embryo selection, cryopreservation techniques, and artificial intelligence integration in laboratory procedures.

Female infertility is a major global health issue, affecting 10–15% of reproductive-age couples. Inflammatory gynecological diseases play a leading role due to their high prevalence, chronic course, and negative impact on the female reproductive system. Conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic endometritis, salpingitis, and adnexitis are closely associated with tubal obstruction, impaired endometrial receptivity, ovulatory disorders, and pelvic adhesions, significantly reducing fertility. Persistent inflammation leads to fibrotic changes, immune-endocrine imbalance, and disruption of the reproductive microenvironment. As many of these conditions are asymptomatic, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of infertility. This study emphasizes the importance of early detection, timely treatment, and preventive strategies to improve reproductive outcomes and preserve female reproductive health.

In conditions of social tension and stratification of society, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population, it is children and adolescents who become one of the most vulnerable groups of the population. But it is adolescents who are the reproductive, intellectual, economic, social, political and cultural reserve of society. This determines the huge social significance of their health.

Post-COVID syndrome represents a serious challenge to women’s reproductive health, especially in patients with thyroid pathologies. These endocrine disorders may exacerbate reproductive problems and impact the success of conception. Understanding the pathogenesis and developing effective preconception preparation programs are critical to improving reproductive outcomes in this group of patients.

The functional state of the endometrium plays a pivotal role in safeguarding women’s reproductive health. Chronic endometritis is recognized as one of the leading causes of infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and adverse obstetric outcomes. In many cases, its latent or nonspecific clinical course leads to delayed diagnosis. Conventional diagnostic methods such as ultrasound examination and histological evaluation are not always sufficiently informative. Modern diagnostic technologies, including optical coherence tomography, provide the opportunity to detect structural and functional alterations of the endometrium at earlier stages. Furthermore, the hypoplastic variants of the endometrium exacerbate reproductive disorders and require more effective rehabilitation strategies. The application of novel regenerative and physiotherapeutic approaches holds promise in restoring endometrial function, improving embryo implantation, and optimizing reproductive outcomes, which defines the high scientific and practical relevance of this research direction in modern gynecology.

This review summarizes current data (2018-2024) on pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) in women of reproductive age. The main pathogens are Chlamydia trachomatis (20-40%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (10-20%) and Mycoplasma genitalium (up to 25%). Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria (CDC), NAAT tests and ultrasound. Empirical treatment includes ceftriaxone, doxycycline ± metronidazole, but is complicated by increasing resistance. Remote consequences are severe: infertility (up to 40% after 3 episodes), ectopic pregnancy (risk ↑6-10 times), chronic pelvic pain (15-30%). Key prevention measures are screening for STIs and treatment of partners. Early diagnosis and adequate therapy are critical to maintaining reproductive health.

This review summarizes current data (2018-2024) on pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) in women of reproductive age. The main pathogens are Chlamydia trachomatis (20-40%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (10-20%) and Mycoplasma genitalium (up to 25%). Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria (CDC), NAAT tests and ultrasound. Empirical treatment includes ceftriaxone, doxycycline ± metronidazole, but is complicated by increasing resistance. Remote consequences are severe: infertility (up to 40% after 3 episodes), ectopic pregnancy (risk ↑6-10 times), chronic pelvic pain (15-30%). Key prevention measures are screening for STIs and treatment of partners. Early diagnosis and adequate therapy are critical to maintaining reproductive health.

This article examines the impact of mobile applications on the development of conscious attitudes among pregnant women toward their own health and the health of their future child. A comparative analysis of existing mobile applications for women of reproductive age is presented. It is shown that, thanks to the advancement of digital technologies, modern women gain access to useful information that contributes to the prevention of complications and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. Moreover, the importance of ensuring the quality and reliability of the data disseminated through mobile services is emphasized.

Modern technologies greatly influence gynecological practice, enhancing the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases affecting the female reproductive system. This article examines the most recent advancements in medical technology, such as artificial intelligence, telemedicine, robotic surgery, and bioengineering innovations. It also explores the potential of genetic testing and personalized medicine to enhance treatment efficacy. The discussion highlights important ethical and safety considerations for implementing new technologies in gynecology. The authors emphasize the future of technology and its ability to optimize patient care.

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) occupy a significant place in the structure of gynecological diseases, affecting the reproductive health of women. The article deals with modern aspects of diagnostics and treatment of inflammatory diseases in gynecology. Innovative methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, including molecular genetic studies and the use of high-tech equipment are highlighted. Special attention is paid to new approaches to treatment, including the use of modern antibacterial drugs, probiotics, and physiotherapeutic methods. The presented data emphasize the need for an individual approach to patients to improve the effectiveness of therapy and reduce the risk of complications.

Modern technologies have a significant impact on gynecological practice, contributing to improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the female reproductive system. This article reviews the latest advances in medical technology, including the use of artificial intelligence, telemedicine, robotic surgery, and bioengineering solutions. The potential applications of genetic testing and personalized medicine to improve the effectiveness of treatment are discussed. Special attention is paid to ethical and safety issues when introducing innovations in gynecology. The authors focus on the future of technology and its potential to optimize patient care.

This article discusses the problem of infertility, its main causes and ways to overcome it. About 15% of couples face difficulties in conceiving, and the reasons can be both physiological and related to lifestyle or medical conditions. Infertility negatively affects the emotional state, which can lead to tension in relationships. Various methods are used to solve the problem, including medical interventions, assisted reproductive technologies, lifestyle changes and psychological support.

The thyroid gland plays a key role in regulating female reproductive function, directly influencing the ovulatory cycle, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and overall endocrine balance. Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism and subclinical forms of thyroid dysfunction, are often associated with the development of endocrine infertility, especially in women with obesity or metabolic syndrome. Recent research shows that excess body weight and insulin resistance exacerbate thyroid dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle of metabolic and hormonal imbalances. This article examines the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and fertility disorders, presents the clinical and endocrinological characteristics of women with obesity, and analyzes current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine infertility associated with metabolic syndrome. Understanding these relationships is essential for developing effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of reproductive dysfunction.

This article focuses on pelvic organ prolapse (POP), a condition marked by the descent of the pelvic floor and its organs. It reviews terminology related to various types of genital prolapse, such as cystocele and rectocele. The article discusses the factors influencing the prevalence of POP, which varies between 2.9% and 53%, depending on the presence of asymptomatic cases. It analyzes findings from the Women's Health Initiative Study, which highlights the high incidence of different prolapse types among perimenopausal women. The significance of diagnosing asymptomatic forms, which can account for up to 50% of cases, is underscored. The findings stress the importance of early diagnosis and prevention of prolapse to enhance women's quality of life.

The country is reforming the higher school system, which is accompanied by the need to assimilate an increased amount of educational material in combination with insufficient healthy lifestyle skills, psycho-emotional stress, which makes it difficult for students, especially first-year students, to adapt, and leads to overstrain of a number of body systems and conditions that can transform into various diseases. Health is the main value of life, it occupies the highest step in the hierarchy of human needs[4]. Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. The realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society [5].

The article describes that female infertility is a pressing problem in all countries of the world. According to global data, the reproductive potential of the female population is declining, increasing the number of infertile couples. Currently, the state of reproductive health of the population is a subject of interest not only to medicine, but also to the public and stands out for its socio-political significance.

Mastopathy is one of the most common benign breast diseases in women of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization, more than 60% of women aged 20 to 48 years are affected by various forms of mastopathy. The disease is characterized by an increase in connective and glandular tissue, which can lead to the development of nodular formations and an increase in the risk of oncological processes. In this regard, timely diagnosis is of great importance, which allows detecting pathological changes in the early stages and preventing possible complications. Ultrasound (ultrasound) is a non-invasive, convenient and safe method for diagnosing breast diseases. Unlike mammography, ultrasound does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation, which makes it the preferred method for examining women under 40 years of age. In addition, ultrasound allows you to assess the structure of the mammary gland in real time, detect even minor changes, and monitor the dynamics of the condition during treatment. However, despite the widespread use of the method, questions remain about its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing various forms of mastopathy.

In recent decades, genetic tests and counseling have become important tools in gynecology, influencing approaches to family planning and hereditary risk assessment. This article reviews the use of genetic tests in various aspects of gynecology, such as assessment of inherited diseases, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), and other situations requiring genetic evaluation. In addition, emphasis is placed on the importance of genetic counselling for women to make informed decisions about health and reproductive plans, and to provide support in understanding the risks and opportunities associated with inherited diseases.

About one in four people worldwide suffer from iron ID, the most common micronutrient deficiency. Children, women of reproductive age, and those living in low- and middle-income nations are disproportionately affected. With effects ranging from decreased physical performance and quality of life in adults to increased risks during pregnancy, including low birth weight, preterm delivery, and maternal mortality, as well as impaired cognitive and motor development in children, it substantially adds to the global burden of disease. Though clinical and functional abnormalities, including exhaustion, immunological dysfunction, and cognitive deficiencies, can happen even in the absence of anemia, ID frequently occurs before IDA. According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects 30% of the population worldwide, making it the most prevalent dietary deficiency. Reduced dietary iron and decreased iron absorption are additional contributing factors to IDA, even though gastrointestinal bleeding and women's menstruation are the most frequent causes. Restoring iron reserves and bringing hemoglobin levels back to normal should be the goals of treatment for patients with IDA. This has been demonstrated to enhance pregnancy outcomes, morbidity, quality of life, and the prognosis for chronic illnesses. Numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure, are associated with iron deficiency. An updated summary of the diagnosis and treatment of IDA in patients with chronic illnesses, both before and during pregnancy, will be given in this article. Along with a summary of the cost comparison of the various iron formulations now available on the market, we will go over the advantages and disadvantages of oral versus intravenous iron replacement in each group. 

Hormone regulation plays a key role in maintaining cardiovascular health in women. Estrogens, as the main sex hormones, have complex and multifaceted effects on the cardiovascular system, including regulating lipid metabolism, improving endothelial function, modulating inflammatory processes, and preventing oxidative stress. Their effect is especially important during reproductive age, but after menopause, estrogen levels are significantly reduced, which contributes to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The article discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of estrogens, their protective role in the prevention of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension. The article also analyzes current data on hormone replacement therapy, its benefits and risks in the prevention of CVD in postmenopausal women. The results obtained emphasize the need for further research to develop individualized approaches to the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in women, taking into account the hormonal status.

In assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs, 60–70% of women fail to become pregnant after embryo transfer. Repeated implantation failure (RIF) remains a black box in daily practice due to the complicated categorization and causes of this physio-pathological dysregulation. Different causes of RIF were reported, mainly multifactorial, endometrial and idiopathic. Multifactorial RIF can be caused by maternal and paternal factors, gamete and embryo quality, infections and lifestyle changes in combination with psychological status and oxidative stress. Impaired endometrium function such as abnormal growth or loss of vascularization can account for endometrial RIF, but idiopathic RIF, caused mainly by abnormal cross-talk between the embryo and endometrium, remains the principal question and needs to be elucidated.