In today’s world, the word malware is synonymous with mysterious programs that spread havoc and sow destruction upon the computing system it infects. These malware are analyzed and understood by malware analysts who reverse engineer the program in an effort to understand it and provide appropriate identifications or signatures that enable anti-malware programs to effectively combat and resolve threats. Malware authors develop ways to circumvent or prevent this analysis of their code thus rendering preventive measures ineffective. This paper discusses existing analysis subverting techniques and how they are overcome by modern analysis techniques. Further, this paper proposes a new method to resist traditional malware analysis techniques by creating a split-personality malware variant that uses a technique known as shadow attack. The proposal is validated by creating a malware dropper and testing this dropper in controlled laboratory conditions as a part of the concept of proactive defense.

This article shows three methods of studying the meanings of words – reference theory, component analysis and postulates of
meaning based on the analysis of different examples. In the process of translation, the fact that the translator does not understand the meaning of the word in the context of the original language, but the meaning of the word itself, causes problems such as the wrong translation of this word in the translation. It is this research that helps to overcome such a problem. The following results are presented in the research: reference theory cannot give the full meaning of the word, it is used together with the component analysis, the two analysis methods cannot give the meaning of the word in the context. The third - the method of analysis of meaning forms can determine the pragmatic and semantic features of the word, and this is convenient for the translator.

Linguopoetic analysis is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of linguistics and literary studies that focuses on understanding how language shapes and structures literary texts. As an aspect of national theoretical literary studies, linguopoetic analysis offers valuable insights into the ways language reflects cultural identities, historical contexts, and societal norms. This article explores the key issues in linguopoetic analysis, particularly within the framework of national literary traditions, highlighting its significance in understanding the unique features of national literatures. By examining linguistic features such as phonology, syntax, semantics, and stylistic devices, this study offers a comparative perspective on how national literary identities are constructed through language. The research also identifies challenges and opportunities for integrating linguopoetic analysis into contemporary literary studies. The paper concludes with suggestions on how linguopoetic analysis can contribute to the development of national literary theories and provide deeper insights into the cultural dimensions of literature.

This article investigates discourse as an important multidisciplinary topic, focusing on its function in constructing social structures, identities, and ideologies. The article chronicles the history of discourse studies, using linguistics, psychology, and social sciences to examine the link between language and power. Discourse is classified into two types: written and spoken, emphasizing its importance in communicating and sustaining social norms. The paper also discusses the methodology of discourse analysis (DA).

In this article, it is discussed about the linguistics of the corpus of languages and the software of each language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing the analysis of its structure, use, and meaning. One important aspect of linguistics is the creation and analysis of language corpora, which are large collections of written or spoken texts that are used to study language patterns and usage. Software tools are often used in linguistics for the creation, manipulation, and analysis of language corpora. These tools help researchers search for specific linguistic features, extract data, and analyze patterns in the corpus. Some common software tools used in linguistics include text processing tools (e.g. concordancers, text editors), statistical analysis tools (e.g. software for performing quantitative analysis on linguistic data), and annotation tools (e.g. tools for marking up linguistic features in the corpus). The combination of linguistic theory and software tools allows researchers to gain valuable insights into the structure and use of language through the analysis of language corpora. This interdisciplinary approach helps to advance our understanding of language and how it is used in different contexts

Language is a highly organized and systematic phenomenon that operates at several interconnected levels. Linguistic analysis aims to understand how language functions as a structured communication system by studying these levels. This article will shed light on the structure of language through an analysis of the main linguistic levels of analysis, such as phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The study, which is based on a descriptive and theoretical approach, summarizes the role of each level in the formation of meaning and the use of language based on existing linguistic theories. The results of the study show that these levels are closely related to each other and together they form a coherent system for linguistic research. The article emphasizes the importance of level-based analysis for theoretical and applied linguistics.

The article describes the valence, the syntactic valence of the verb - an open morpho-syntactic number, encoded arguments. The same can be said about the semantic valency of the verb, where the valence is the number of semantic arguments, you can get a separate verb, perform syntactic analysis and semantic analysis. Parsing (syntax) Semantic analysis (semantic) are the two main methods that lead to natural language understanding. Syntax is the grammatical structure of the text and semantics is the meaning conveyed.

This article carried out a comparative analysis of the Constitutional Court of Uzbekistan with foreign experience. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of compliance of the Constitutional Court of Uzbekistan with international standards and develop ways to eliminate problems in its activities. The main focus is on the comparative analysis of the Institute of constitutional complaint with the experience of other countries. The study used comparative-legal, normative-legal, historical-legal methods and carried out a comprehensive analysis of legislative acts, court decisions and expert conclusions. Based on the analysis of international legal documents and national legislation, proposals have been developed for the development of the Constitutional Court of Uzbekistan and the Institute of constitutional appeal.

This article examines the technical analysis of human speech in educational activities. During the study, speech signals were converted into digital format and analyzed in terms of formants, spectrograms, amplitude, and temporal parameters. The obtained results allow assessment of pronunciation, intonation, stress, and rhythm of speech. Moreover, automatic signal analysis algorithms enable the objectification of the pedagogical process and the organization of individual training sessions. The study demonstrates that technical analysis of speech is an effective tool for scientifically substantiating the pedagogical process and improving speech skills.

In this article, it is discussed about the linguistics of the corpus of  languages and the software of each language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing the analysis of its structure, use, and meaning. One important aspect of linguistics is the creation and analysis of language corpora, which are large collections of written or spoken texts that are used to study language patterns and usage. Software tools are often used in linguistics for the creation, manipulation, and analysis of language corpora. These tools help researchers search for specific linguistic features, extract data, and analyze patterns in the corpus. Some common software tools used in linguistics include text processing tools (e.g. concordancers, text editors), statistical analysis tools (e.g. software for performing quantitative analysis on linguistic data), and annotation tools (e.g. tools for marking up linguistic features in the corpus).The combination of linguistic theory and software tools allows researchers to gain valuable insights into the structure and use of language through the analysis of language corpora. This interdisciplinary approach helps to advance our understanding of language and how it is used in different contexts.

This article explores two critical concepts in foreign language teaching: language interference and the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH). Language interference occurs when a learner's native language (L1) influences their acquisition of a second language (L2), often leading to errors across phonological, grammatical, lexical, and morphological levels. The CAH, developed in the mid-20th century, provides a framework for predicting these errors by contrasting L1 and L2. While the strong version of the hypothesis claims that all errors can be predicted through contrastive analysis, the weak version allows for a more nuanced understanding that accounts for other factors in language learning. This article discusses the implications of these concepts for language teaching, highlighting how contrastive analysis can be used to improve pedagogy through error correction, curriculum design, and learner awareness. The limitations of the CAH are also addressed, emphasizing the need to integrate it with other approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of second language acquisition..

Abstract: Bioinformatics plays an important role in the study and practice of genomic data analysis. This research addresses questions critical to the field of bioinformatics, including how genomic data is structured, processed, and applied in practice. Important algorithms, software, and databases to facilitate genomic analysis are reviewed. Then the explanation of genomic changes, functional genomic and evolutionary analyzes are studied. The study provides recommendations on what methods and tools to use in support of bioinformatics and genomic information in practice. As a result, it collects chapters on the problems that arise in the analysis of genomic systems and the products of their solution, and shows the wide range of bioinformatic data analysis related to digital technologies.

General blood analysis (complete blood count, CBC) is one of the most widely used laboratory diagnostic tests in modern clinical practice. It provides essential information about the physiological and pathological conditions of the human body. This article discusses the clinical and diagnostic significance of general blood analysis, including the evaluation of hemoglobin levels, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. Changes in hematological parameters in conditions such as anemia, inflammatory diseases, infectious disorders, allergic reactions, and hematological malignancies are analyzed. The role of automated hematology analyzers in improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency is also examined. The findings indicate that general blood analysis remains a fundamental and highly informative tool for early disease detection, monitoring of treatment effectiveness, and preventive medical examinations.

The growing adoption of web-based educational platforms has generated large volumes of student-related data, creating new opportunities for analyzing academic performance. However, many PHP-based educational systems still rely on basic statistical summaries and manual evaluation methods, which limit their ability to provide timely and actionable insights. As a result, early identification of learning difficulties and performance risks remains a challenge in many educational environments. This article presents the development of an AI-powered student performance analysis system implemented within a PHP-based educational platform. The proposed system leverages machine learning techniques to analyze student assessment results, activity logs, and engagement indicators in order to identify performance patterns and predict potential academic risks. Artificial intelligence components are integrated into the PHP architecture through a modular design, enabling automated performance analysis without requiring significant changes to existing systems. The results demonstrate that AI-driven performance analysis enhances the accuracy and responsiveness of student evaluation processes. The system enables early detection of low-performing students, supports data-driven academic monitoring, and provides a foundation for informed instructional decision-making. This research contributes to educational technology by illustrating how artificial intelligence can be effectively combined with PHP-based systems to improve student performance analysis and academic support.

In the fast-paced world of mass media, where information bombards us from all angles, the significance of linguistic and stylistic techniques cannot be overstated. Among these techniques, foregrounding stands out as a powerful tool used by media practitioners to captivate audiences, convey messages effectively, and shape public discourse. In this article, we delve into the intricate realm of foregrounding, exploring its linguistic and stylistic significance in analysing mass media texts. This paper intends to inform Mass media materials and its significance and linguistic analysis of foregrounding.  Mass media materials are interpreted through text, using different approaches and methods to convey information.  The purpose of this scientific work is stylistic and linguistic analysis of the use of foregrounding in mass media tests.

The article explores the comparative lexical-semantic and structural features of Uzbek and English proverbs that contain religious and spiritual components. Proverbs are an essential part of linguistic and cultural heritage, reflecting the moral, ethical, and spiritual worldview of a nation. The study examines how sacred concepts, religious values, and spiritual beliefs are encoded in proverbs of both languages, highlighting similarities and differences shaped by historical, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Lexical-semantic analysis focuses on religious terminology, metaphors, and symbolic elements, while structural analysis considers syntactic patterns, stylistic devices, and figurative expressions. The research also addresses how these proverbs influence cultural identity and interethnic communication. The findings contribute to cross-cultural linguistics, translation studies, and the understanding of intercultural pragmatics.

This study is devoted to investigating the practical uses of corpus analysis in the creation of instructional materials for language learners. To find grammatical structures, word usage patterns, and linguistic patterns within vast sets of real language samples, corpus analysis involves a methodical investigation of the data. An overview of corpus analysis and its use to the design of language education materials is covered in this article. It examines at how word selection, target language features identification, grammar training, and material authenticity are all facilitated by corpus analysis.

This study aims to investigate the impact of the work environment at “Uzavtosanoat” on employee productivity. The research design adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and observations to gather data from employees across different departments and levels. Data analysis will involve descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis for quantitative data, and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Ethical considerations will be upheld throughout the research process. The findings of this study are expected to provide insights into how the work environment influences employee productivity at “Uzavtosanoat” and contribute to enhancing organizational practices and employee performance.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the assortment of drugs used for the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) in the pharmaceutical market of Uzbekistan during the period 2020–2025. Methods of content analysis were applied to state registries, the “List of Essential Medicines,” and data from analytical agencies and pharmacy catalogs. The study examines the main pharmacotherapeutic groups of antihypertensive agents, their origin, and market structure. It was found that the market is characterized by a wide variety of antihypertensive drugs across all key classes (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, etc.), with imported brands significantly dominating. The share of domestic manufacturers remains relatively small. In 2023, modern combination drugs such as sacubitril/valsartan were added to the List of Essential Medicines. The results of this analysis can be used for pharmaceutical policy development and optimization of drug provision for patients with hypertension.

This article is devoted to the analysis of concepts in poetics, description of the author’s word usage in poetic texts, style, conceptual analysis of poetic texts, analysis of the use of linguocultural concepts in poetic texts and their analysis. It is apparent that the problem of individual author stylistics, its place in the system of previously existing verbal means, and role in the realization of the literary work’s and role in the realization of the literary work’s and role in the realization of the literary work.

Physiological research on the California red worm was carried out based on methods of research samples obtained in laboratory conditions at a high coefficient level. California red worm serum samples were collected from ten patients based on whole blood analysis. It was found out that the virological examination of two patients' blood analysis was 4.7 levels, and the blood analysis of eight patients gave 5.2 - 5.4 levels. It was analyzed that the virological component is higher in patients. The analysis of leukocytes was high, the serum of California red worm was used for the property of defeating the virus, and immunological prohibition was carried out. The immunological research solution was centrifuged from the blood fluid coming out of the lymph nodes in the body, and it was found that by applying the reagents to the patient's blood, a positive analysis of the virological research work could be performed with a high result.

The article provides the basis of Economic Analysis, its theoretical foundations and stages of development, as well as the importance and relevance of economic analysis in the implementation of effective and simplified customs control and clearance in the activities of customs authorities at present.

This comprehensive article delves into the fundamental principles of grammatical analysis, offering an insightful exploration of language structure and its components. It covers key aspects including syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, and transformational grammar. Through a clear and systematic breakdown, it elucidates how linguists and language enthusiasts decode the intricate workings of language, enabling a deeper understanding of sentence formation, word structures, meaning interpretation, contextual use, and the transformational nature of sentences. This annotation highlights the article's focus on empowering readers to unravel the complexities inherent in language, fostering a richer comprehension and appreciation of linguistic expression.

Multimodal discourse analysis has emerged as a crucial approach to understanding communication in the digital age. This article explores the integration of verbal and non-verbal modes in English discourse, focusing on the interplay between language, images, and other semiotic resources. Through a systematic review of relevant literature and a qualitative analysis of selected multimodal texts, the study reveals the complex dynamics of meaning-making in contemporary English discourse. The findings highlight the importance of considering multiple modes in discourse analysis and suggest future directions for research in this field.

Absorption chillers play a critical role in providing sustainable cooling solutions using low-level heat sources for cooling. resulting in increased stability and performance. In this article, we review the concept of exergy analysis as a powerful tool for evaluating the thermodynamic efficiency and performance of absorption refrigeration machines. By performing detailed exergy analysis, engineers can identify areas for exergy elimination, optimize system components, and improve overall energy efficiency. This article highlights the importance of exergy analysis in the design, operation and optimization of absorption chillers, resulting in improved stability and performance.