This article will first explain the diagnostic assessment’s meaning, list the types of diagnostic assessment, along with relevant diagnostic assessment examples. Then it will illustrate the importance of diagnostic assessment in education. We will also cover the advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic assessment in education.

This article will first explain the diagnostic assessment’s meaning, list the types of diagnostic assessment, along with relevant diagnostic assessment examples. Then it will illustrate the importance of diagnostic assessment in education. We will also cover the advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic assessment in education

Assessment plays a pivotal role in modern education, serving not only as a tool for evaluating student performance but also as a dynamic process that supports and enhances learning. This article explores the fundamental concept of assessment, outlining its primary purposes, diverse types—including formative, summative, diagnostic, self-, and peer-assessment—and the tools commonly used in educational contexts. Special emphasis is placed on modern approaches that integrate technology and competency-based frameworks to promote deeper, student-centered learning. The article concludes that effective assessment is essential for improving teaching practices, informing instructional decisions, and fostering learners' academic and personal growth.

This article explores the vital role of assessment in the context of teaching English as a second or foreign language. It begins by outlining the main types of assessments, each type serves distinct purposes in tracking student progress, guiding instruction, and fostering learner autonomy.

This article investigates the assessment criteria and diagnostic methods of digital competence. The study analyzed the level of digital competence among teachers and students, as well as the effectiveness of assessment criteria and diagnostic tools. The results highlighted the importance of implementing a systematic and integrated approach to evaluating digital competence. Additionally, recommendations were developed to enhance teachers’ methodological skills and to foster students’ creative and practical abilities

This article describes the essence and content of modern approaches to the assessment of students' knowledge, as well as the main differences between formative and summative assessment.

Yurtimizda bino va inshootlarning texnik holatini baholash jarayonida e’tibor qaratilishi zarur bo‘lgan asosiy jihatlar tahlil qilinadi. Qurilish obyektlarining xavfsiz va uzoq muddatli ekspluatatsiyasini ta’minlash uchun texnik ko‘riklarning muntazamligi, zamonaviy baholash usullarining qo‘llanilishi va normativ hujjatlarga asoslangan yondashuv muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada vizual ko‘rik, instrumental tahlil va hujjatlar bilan ishlash metodlari, ularning samaradorligi, mavjud muammolar hamda ularni hal etish bo‘yicha takliflar yoritilgan.

The ultimate purpose of assessment for learning is to create self-regulated learners who can leave school able and confident to continue learning throughout their lives. Teachers need to know at the outset of a unit of study where their students are in terms of their learning and then continually check on how they are progressing through strengthening the feedback they get from their learners. Students are guided on what they are expected to learn and what quality work looks like. The teacher will work with the student to understand and identify any gaps or misconceptions (initial/diagnostic assessment).

This study highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic value of LIPCOF conjunctival fold assessment in patients with chemical eye burns. A strong correlation was identified between LIPCOF severity and clinical symptoms, such as dry eye syndrome, emphasizing its role as a reliable marker for monitoring inflammatory processes and treatment outcomes. In the main group, advanced therapies, including photodynamic therapy, led to significant reductions in LIPCOF grades, fold area (LIPCOF-A), and fold number (LIPCOF-C), achieving clinical improvement in 89% of cases compared to 75% in the control group. The simplicity and non-invasiveness of LIPCOF assessment make it an effective tool for routine clinical use, enabling early diagnosis and improved treatment monitoring.

Ushbu maqolada bolalarda o‘t yo‘llari diskineziyasining klinik, laborator va instrumental o‘zgarishlarini o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Tadqiqotda 3–16 yoshdagi 178 nafar bola tekshirilib, ularda klinik ko‘rik, laborator tahlillar, ultratovush va rentgenologik tekshiruv usullari qo‘llanildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, o‘t yo‘llari diskineziyasining klinik kechishida og‘riq sindromi yetakchi o‘rinni egallab, u ko‘pincha dispeptik va vegetativ buzilishlar bilan birga kechadi. Ultratovush tekshiruvlari o‘t pufagi qisqarish faoliyati, o‘t yo‘llari holati hamda Oddiy sfinkterining funksional faoliyatini baholashda muhim diagnostik ahamiyatga ega ekanligi aniqlandi. Tadqiqot davomida bolalarning asosiy qismida giperkinetik va gipokinetik turdagi diskineziyalar, kam hollarda esa Oddiy sfinkterining funksional buzilishi aniqlangan. Olingan natijalar bolalarda o‘t yo‘llari diskineziyasini erta aniqlash, differensial tashxislash va kompleks davolash yondashuvlarini takomillashtirish zarurligini ko‘rsatadi.

Гистероскопия является одним из ключевых методов диагностики внутриматочной патологии, однако интерпретация гистероскопической картины в значительной степени зависит от субъективного опыта врача и качества визуализации, что обусловливает вариабельность диагностических заключений и риск ошибок. В последние годы искусственный интеллект рассматривается как перспективный инструмент повышения объективности и воспроизводимости визуальной диагностики в эндоскопии. В статье представлен анализ современного состояния исследований, посвящённых применению искусственного интеллекта в гистероскопии, с акцентом на переход от субъективной визуальной оценки к объективной диагностике. Рассмотрены основные направления развития искусственного интеллекта в эндоскопии, достигнутые результаты и существующие ограничения, а также опыт применения аналогичных технологий в смежных областях медицины. Отдельное внимание уделено текущему состоянию исследований в странах СНГ и Республике Узбекистан, а также возможностям, открывающимся в условиях проводимых государственных реформ и цифровизации системы здравоохранения. Показано, что внедрение алгоритмов искусственного интеллекта в гистероскопическую практику обладает значительным потенциалом для повышения точности диагностики, снижения межнаблюдательной вариабельности и стандартизации интерпретации гистероскопического видеосигнала, что обосновывает целесообразность дальнейших исследований в данном направлении

Osteogenic sarcoma is one of the most common malignant bone tumors in pediatric patients, necessitating early and accurate diagnosis to improve treatment outcomes. A multimodal radiological approach, integrating conventional radiography, MRI, CT, and PET scans, offers a comprehensive diagnostic pathway. This study explores the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of these modalities based on a retrospective analysis of pediatric cases. Findings reveal that MRI and PET provide superior sensitivity for local and metastatic assessment, while X-rays remain critical for initial detection. By employing combined imaging strategies, clinicians can optimize diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic planning. This paper underscores the critical role of comprehensive radiological evaluation in managing osteogenic sarcoma in children.

Болезнь Пайра, также известная как левосторонний колонический синдром, представляет собой редкое врожденное или приобретенное состояние, характеризующееся функциональной обструкцией в области селезеночного изгиба ободочной кишки, вызванной её фиксацией или патологическим углом изгиба. Целью данного исследования была оценка диагностической значимости комплексных радиологических методов — флюороскопии, мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии (МСКТ) и магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) — у детей с хроническими запорами и колонической дискинезией. В исследование было включено 86 педиатрических пациентов в возрасте от 3 до 16 лет, обследованных по стандартизированному мульти-модальному протоколу визуализации.

Endocervicitis and colpitis are common inflammatory conditions of the lower female genital tract that require particular clinical attention during pregnancy. Physiological immunological adaptations, hormonal fluctuations, and alterations in the vaginal microenvironment during gestation contribute to increased susceptibility to cervicovaginal infections. When inadequately diagnosed or managed, these conditions may be associated with unfavorable obstetric outcomes, including preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infection, and postpartum inflammatory complications. Recent advances in obstetric care have emphasized the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment strategies to minimize maternal and fetal risks. Modern diagnostic approaches incorporate a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory-based microbiological testing, and molecular diagnostic techniques, which enhance pathogen detection and improve diagnostic accuracy. Therapeutic strategies have evolved toward safer, gestational-age–appropriate antimicrobial regimens, supported by growing evidence on fetal safety and treatment efficacy. This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of contemporary approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of endocervicitis and colpitis in pregnant women, integrating current clinical evidence and international recommendations to support optimal clinical decision-making.

Inhibin A is a significant hormone in the female reproductive system, produced primarily by the ovaries, which plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining hormonal balance. This hormone’s functions include inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), promoting ovarian follicular development, and influencing pregnancy outcomes. The diagnostic value of Inhibin A extends to the assessment of ovarian function, pregnancy monitoring, and identifying certain reproductive disorders, such as ovarian tumors or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This article aims to explore the role of Inhibin A in female physiology, its diagnostic applications, and the implications of its altered levels in various clinical conditions.

Down syndrome (DS), resulting from the trisomy of chromosome 21, represents one of the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability, occurring in approximately 1 in 700 live births worldwide. Children with Down syndrome exhibit a distinctive profile of developmental challenges, with speech and language impairments constituting particularly prominent and persistent features of their phenotype. The communication difficulties experienced by these children are characterized by a striking discrepancy between receptive and expressive language abilities, with expressive language typically more severely affected and following an atypical developmental trajectory compared to neurotypical peers.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains one of the most significant challenges in global tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). HIV infection dramatically increases the risk of reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This article presents a comprehensive review and analytical assessment of the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, preventive therapy, and public health implications of LTBI in HIV-infected individuals. Special attention is given to immunological mechanisms underlying reactivation, limitations of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in immunocompromised populations, and current WHO recommendations for tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, integrated TB-HIV programs, and personalized preventive approaches to reduce TB incidence among PLHIV. Strengthening LTBI screening and preventive treatment strategies remains critical to achieving global TB elimination goals

Острая спаечная тонкокишечная непроходимость (ОСТКН) является одной из наиболее частых форм кишечной непроходимости, представляя значительные трудности в диагностике и выборе хирургической тактики. В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к диагностике ОСТКН, включая мультислайсную компьютерную томографию, ультразвуковое исследование и обзорную рентгенографию. Представлены результаты проспективного рандомизированного исследования 218 пациентов, проведена сравнительная оценка эффективности лапароскопического и лапаротомного адгезиолизиса. Впервые обсуждается использование биохимических маркеров, включая определение уровня оксипролина в плазме крови и моче, как дополнительного критерия для оценки степени фиброзного процесса. Сделан акцент на целесообразности применения малоинвазивных методов как диагностического, так и лечебного этапов.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a neuroinvasive viral infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks in temperate regions. The global incidence of TBE has been increasing, a trend closely linked to environmental transformations, climate change, and evolving human behaviors. This upsurge underscores the growing public health importance of TBE, particularly in endemic regions of Europe and Asia. Epidemiological estimates suggest that approximately 5,000 to 10,000 cases occur annually; however, the true burden is likely underestimated due to gaps in diagnostic capacity and underreporting.

This thesis explores recent advancements in diagnosing and treating urolithiasis, known as kidney stones. The core focus is on Improved diagnostic techniques: This includes exploring advancements like dual-energy CT scanning and novel urine tests for risk assessment. Emerging treatment options: Minimally invasive surgical techniques, refinements in shock wave lithotripsy, and the development of new medications to prevent and pass stones are covered. Dietary therapy: The role of nutritional modifications in urolithiasis management is discussed. The thesis emphasizes that the optimal treatment path depends on individual factors like stone characteristics and overall health. Consultation with a doctor is crucial to determine the most suitable approach.

Liver diseases, particularly those characterized by steatosis and fibrosis, represent major health challenges worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition marked by abnormal fat accumulation in the liver, is one of the most common causes of liver pathology. If left unchecked, it can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver failure. Traditionally, liver biopsy has been the gold standard for assessing liver steatosis and fibrosis. However, this method has limitations such as invasiveness, risk of complications, and high cost. The emergence of non-invasive technologies like Ultrasound-based Dynamic Flow Frequency (UDFF) technology offers a promising alternative for assessing liver conditions. This paper reviews the latest advancements in UDFF technology, exploring its efficacy, diagnostic accuracy, and role in clinical practice. By comparing it to traditional methods, we demonstrate that UDFF offers a reliable and non-invasive method for evaluating liver steatosis and fibrosis, with potential to improve patient care and reduce healthcare costs.

Преэклампсия остаётся одной из ведущих причин перинатальной заболеваемости и смертности, определяя необходимость разработки комплексных подходов к оценке состояния плода и прогнозированию осложнений беременности. Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение диагностической значимости уровней гомоцистеина, общего холестерина, С-реактивного белка (СРБ) и фактора Виллебрандта в сочетании с биофизическим профилем плода (БФП) при преэклампсии различной степени тяжести. Обследовано 120 беременных женщин, из них 80 с преэклампсией умеренной и тяжёлой степени (основная группа) и 40 с неосложнённым течением беременности (контрольная группа).

В статье рассматривается роль маточной гемодинамики в оценке рецептивности эндометрия, подчеркивается важность адекватного кровоснабжения для успешной имплантации эмбриона. Применение современных методов диагностики, таких как ультразвуковая допплерография и трансвагинальное ультразвуковое исследование, позволяет глубже понять взаимосвязь между кровообращением в матке и состоянием эндометрия, что имеет значительное клиническое значение для лечения бесплодия.

The article discusses the features of new techniques for assessing the educational results of schoolchildren.

Ultrasound elastography (UE) has become a popular non-invasive imaging technique for determining the elasticity and stiffness of muscles. Its effectiveness in children with cerebral palsy (CP), a population that typically displays changed muscle characteristics due to stiffness and other neuromuscular problems, is assessed in this review. The main studies, approaches, and conclusions are compiled to clarify the research and therapeutic uses of UE in the treatment of cerebral palsy. The assessment also identifies shortcomings and potential avenues for future study, highlighting the necessity of more extensive and standardised procedures. This comprehensive evaluation provides detailed information in tabular formats and goes deeper into diagnostic principles, therapeutic monitoring, and comparative advantages.