This study employs a robust Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) framework to investigate the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2022. Two models are estimated: Model 1 regresses total CO2 emissions on GDP, while Model 2 examines individual CO2 sources (cement, coal, flaring, gas, and oil) as functions of GDP. The analysis includes exploratory data visualization (pairwise scatterplot matrices and time series plots), diagnostic tests for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, and robust standard errors to ensure reliable inference. Results reveal significant positive associations between GDP and cement and coal emissions, a negative association with oil emissions, and no significant relationship with gas emissions. Autocorrelation is detected, suggesting the need for time series adjustments. This comprehensive methodology provides a robust foundation for understanding the economic-environmental nexus.

This study investigates the relationship between external debt and economic growth in the Uzbekistan during the period 2010–2020.  Two-step Engle and Granger Cointegration method is employed to determine the cointegration relationship between external debt and GDP growth. Our findings show that there is a negative significant relationship between external debt and economic growth. We can also observe that a 1% increase in external debt will lead to a 24% decrease in GDP growth. Also the results of ECM model suggests that if economic shocks and periodic downturn occur in GDP as a result of external debt, then 86.0%  of disequilibrium will return to its equilibrium in each subsequent short period. This suggests that GDP growth may return to its equilibrium after a period of 1.17 (1/86) from debt crisis and shocks.

The tourism industry has emerged as a vital sector within the modern global economy, contributing significantly to economic growth, employment, and cultural exchange. This abstract examines the multifaceted role tourism plays in supporting economic development and enhancing the GDP of both developing and developed nations. The industry's influence extends beyond direct economic impacts, fostering infrastructural improvements, promoting global interconnectedness, and encouraging the preservation of cultural heritage. However, it also faces challenges such as environmental sustainability, economic fluctuations, and global crises, including pandemics, which have tested its adaptability and resilience. As the world moves forward, integrating sustainable practices is essential for ensuring that tourism continues to serve as a driver of prosperity without compromising future resources. The analysis underscores that the tourism industry is not just a significant economic engine but also a platform for fostering international understanding and cooperation, positioning it as an indispensable part of the modern world economy.

This research will give a succinct synopsis of the present economic situation in Uzbekistan, emphasizing both its advantages and disadvantages. By doing this, the framework for comprehending the possible effects of WTO membership will be established. The research will next examine the main points of contention about Uzbekistan's economic gains from WTO membership. Among the main topics that will be examined are improved foreign direct investment, expanded market access for Uzbek exports, and the drive for internal economic reforms. The research will not, however, downplay the possible difficulties that come with being a member of the WTO. We'll take a close look at the possibility of job losses in some industries as a result of growing import competition and the requirement for major changes to domestic policy.

В статье проведен анализ данных о демографических процессах в Узбекистане, разработка мер по решению проблем в этих процессах, разработка научно-практических предложений и рекомендatsiй по оценке демографической ситуatsiи в обществе и созданию эконометрических моделей как основу для определения социально-экономической перспективы и прогнозирования ее перспектив составляют.

The concept and objectives of economic culture, economic freedom, the history of the economy in Uzbekistan, development strategies, the legal framework for economic development.

This study analyzes the progress of digital transformation in Uzbekistan between 2020 and early 2025, with a particular focus on the institutional mechanisms that support this process and the managerial implications for companies. The research relies on official strategy documents, UNDP’s Digital Economy of Uzbekistan (2025), DataReportal’s Digital 2025: Uzbekistan, ICT sector statistics, and IT Park reports. The findings show that by January 2025 Internet penetration had reached approximately 89 percent of the population, or 32.7 million users. Exports of ICT services by IT Park residents grew to 344 million US dollars in 2023, while the ICT sector accounted for 2.1 percent of GDP and employed around 87,800 people.

This study examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth, with a particular focus on the role of green investment as a catalyst for sustainable development. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research investigates how green investment influences economic growth across different regions and sectors, identifies the key factors that enhance its effectiveness, and explores the potential trade-offs associated with the transition to a green economy. The findings reveal a positive correlation between green investment and GDP growth, particularly in sectors such as renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of supportive policy frameworks, robust institutions, and public-private partnerships in maximizing the economic and environmental benefits of green investment. While acknowledging the short-term economic costs associated with green investment, the research concludes that these are outweighed by long-term sustainability gains. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and industry leaders on designing and implementing effective green investment strategies that align economic growth with environmental preservation.

This article examines the economic consequences of the UK’s decision to leave the European Union in 2016, after over 4 decades of integration. Although the UK remains highly ranked in terms of HDI and GDP indices, Brexit has caused significant economic and political challenges. This article makes firm-level microanalysis, comparisons of the UK with similar developed countries before and after Brexit using reliable macroeconomic data provided by NBER. While the UK gained a political sovereignty and control, the article argues that Brexit’s economic costs outweigh these benefits. Additionally, this study highlights how British citizens’ opinions about Brexit changed over the years and how this decision will shape the UK’s economic trajectory in the upcoming years.

World experience shows that the most important indicators associated with the level of economic development of countries and high per capita national income, including (a large number of types of securities traded on the stock market and high liquidity, high dividend policy in joint-stock companies (JSCs), and improved stock exchange trading systems), are explained by the high level of development of the stock market, in particular, the high share of capitalization of the stock market (SMP) in relation to the volume of gross domestic product (GDP).

The concept and objectives of economic culture, economic freedom, the history of the economy in Uzbekistan, development strategies, the legal framework SDROW YEKfor economic de

This research explores the impact of educational reforms on economic growth in Sri Lanka, a nation that has undergone significant educational and economic transformations over the past several decades. Recognizing education as an essential driver of economic development, this study researches into the historical and contemporary educational policies implemented in Sri Lanka, assessing their effectiveness in fostering economic progress. Through a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of educational and economic data with qualitative insights from policy reviews and stakeholder interviews, the research seeks to clarify the instruments through which education influences economic outcomes.

Key findings indicate that targeted educational reforms have contributed to improvements in educational access and quality, leading to a more skilled and productive workforce. These enhancements in human capital have, in turn, facilitated higher levels of economic growth, evidenced by increased GDP, improved labor market outcomes, and greater innovation. However, the study also identifies ongoing challenges, such as regional discrepancies in educational achievement and the need for continuous policy adaptation in response to global economic changes.  This research offers valuable lessons for policymakers in Sri Lanka and similar developing economies, highlighting the critical role of education in achieving sustainable economic growth. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between educational reforms and economic development, this study underscores the importance of sustained investment in education as a keystone of economic strategy.

Over the past decade, Uzbekistan has undergone a profound socio-economic transformation characterized by market-oriented reforms, institutional restructuring, and increased integration into the global economy. Since 2016, wide-ranging policy changes have been implemented to liberalize foreign exchange markets, improve the business environment, modernize public administration, and stimulate private sector development. According to international financial institutions, these reforms have significantly improved macroeconomic stability, economic growth, and social welfare indicators. This article analyzes Uzbekistan’s transformation trajectory through key socio-economic indicators such as GDP growth, structural reforms, foreign direct investment, poverty reduction, and human capital development. The study evaluates whether current reform dynamics position Uzbekistan on a sustainable path toward developed-country status.

Uzbekistan, located in the heart of Central

Asia, is a country with a rich history, diverse

cultural heritage, and vast natural resources.

Historically, it has been an important

crossroads for trade, culture, and religion,

serving as a vital part of the ancient Silk Road.

In recent years, Uzbekistan has been

undergoing significant economic reforms and

opening up its economy to global markets.

Among the most promising sectors for the

country’s economic diversification is tourism.

Tourism, a multifaceted and rapidly growing

industry, presents a unique opportunity to

propel the country’s development while

preserving its cultural identity and boosting

employment. With its impressive collection of

UNESCO World Heritage Sites, beautiful

landscapes,

and deep-rooted

traditions,

Uzbekistan is well-positioned to leverage

tourism as a key driver of economic growth.

This article explores the opportunities that

tourism presents for the developing economy of

Uzbekistan,

analyzing

its

potential

contributions

to

GDP,

employment,

infrastructure development, and sustainable

growth.

Currently, services, as the main branch of the national economy of many countries, account for a large part of the GDP and provide employment for almost 2/3 of the worldʻs labor resources. In recent years, services to the population have been recognized as one of the most promising sectors among the economic sectors. Therefore, these areas of intangible production are currently developing rapidly in the national economies of developed and developing countries.

The standard of living of the population is the level of providing the population with the material and spiritual benefits necessary for living and satisfying their needs with these benefits.

В статье проведён научный анализ взаимосвязи спорта и экономики в Узбекистане. Исследование основано на официальных статистических данных и охватывает динамику бюджетного финансирования спорта, инвестиции в спортивную инфраструктуру и процессы коммерциализации. Показано, что за последние пять лет расходы на спорт в стране удвоились, активно строятся новые спортивные объекты, растёт рынок платных услуг и интерес населения к активному образу жизни. Автор подчёркивает, что спорт становится не только социальной сферой, но и значимым фактором экономического роста. На основе международного опыта предложены направления совершенствования механизмов финансирования, государственно-частного партнёрства, налоговых стимулов и прозрачности бюджетных расходов. Реализация предложенных мер позволит повысить вклад спортивной отрасли в ВВП и обеспечить устойчивое развитие физической культуры и спорта в Узбекистане.

This article discusses the effect of the reforms being carried out on the further development of the insurance system of our country and the ways to improve insurance activities using foreign experience, as well as strengthening the economic and financial foundations of insurance, as well as specific trends in the development of the insurance market. will go. Also, the structure of the insurance market of Uzbekistan and the observed changes in the international insurance market are mentioned in the article.

Обеспечение безопасности лекарственных средств (ЛС) и процедура их отзыва с рынка обращения в случае обнаружения проблем по безопасности – важная проблематика в фармацевтической отрасли. Данная тема охватывает надлежащие практики: производственную (GMP), дистрибьюторскую (GDP) и фармаконадзора (GVP). Процедура отзыва продукции из-за нарушений в процессе производства (GMP) или из-за проблем, связанных с безопасностью и эффективностью уже выпущенного на рынок продукта (GVP), служит важным механизмом защиты здоровья населения.

The service sector is an important sector of the economy, performing economic and social activities for society and individuals. The article examines the economic analysis of the service sector, its importance, types and opportunities created for the development of the sector. Using economic and statistical methods, an analysis of the main indicators of the service sector by type of activity and its share in GDP was conducted.

Maqolada  inflyatsiya tushunchasi va O’zbekiston iqtisodiyotida so’ngi yillardagi inflyatsiya darajasi haqida yoritib berilgan.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of demand within Uzbekistan's rapidly transforming economy. Amidst significant economic reforms, liberalization, and diversification, understanding the formation of demand is crucial for sustainable development. The study examines demand across three key sectors—agriculture, industry, and services—highlighting unique characteristics such as seasonality in agricultural consumption, investment-driven industrial demand, and youth-fueled growth in the services sector. It further delineates the concepts of individual and market demand, illustrating how factors like population growth, GDP expansion, and state policy shape the broader market. A significant focus is placed on the theoretical underpinnings of consumer behavior, specifically the income and substitution effects of price changes, and their practical manifestation in the Uzbek context, including the interplay with import substitution policies. The article concludes that demand in Uzbekistan is a complex, multi-factorial process, shaped by a confluence of demographic shifts, economic policies, and global integration, making its study vital for informed economic strategy.

ushbu maqolada inflatsiyaga oid ma’lumotlar va O’zbekistonda inflatsiya darajasi hamda mavzuga doir statistik ma’lumotlar haqida yoritib berilgan.

This paper studies foreign direct investment determinants of Uzbekistan. Different variables have been chosen according to the previous researches in this field. According to the results, market size and population growth have statistical significance to the FDI inflow of Uzbekistan. It is a very interesting process to discuss about the matter, which is related with the investment matters, which are positively seen as the key issue in terms of the appropriate awareness of the conceptual understanding of the economic processes.

After years of turbulence—from the COVID-19 pandemic to global inflation shocks—Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are entering a new economic phase. According to the October 2023 Regional Economic Outlook by the International Monetary Fund, the region is transitioning from recovery to recalibration. The challenge now lies in sustaining stability, containing inflation, and rekindling growth amid tightening global conditions. This article synthesizes the report’s findings and proposes a roadmap for LAC to adapt, thrive, and secure its future.