Наука и инновация

This study examines the transformative impact of Renaissance humanism on the genesis of English drama in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. By analyzing the works of foundational playwrights, particularly Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, the research explores how the rediscovery of classical texts, the emphasis on human potential, and the spirit of secular inquiry revolutionized theatrical form, characterisation, and thematic depth. The investigation argues that the Renaissance provided the intellectual and artistic catalyst that elevated English drama from moral allegory to a complex exploration of individual ambition, psychological conflict, and worldly power, thereby establishing the foundations of modern theatre.

This research conducts an analytical comparison of British Romantic and Victorian poetry, focusing on their contrasting attitudes toward nature and society. By examining key poetic works, the study explores how the Romantic emphasis on sublime nature, individual imagination, and transcendent emotion gave way to the Victorian preoccupation with social responsibility, industrial critique, and moral doubt. The analysis reveals a fundamental shift from viewing nature as a spiritual refuge and source of inspiration to examining it as a threatened idyll amidst urban expansion, reflecting broader changes in philosophical thought and societal conditions across the nineteenth century.

This research examines the transformative journey of the English novel from its foundational stages in the early 18th century to the radical shifts of the Modernist period in the early 20th century. Through a comparative analysis of narrative techniques, thematic concerns, and character portrayal, the study traces the evolution from Daniel Defoe’s realist, episodic narratives to the introspective, fragmented styles of Modernist writers like Virginia Woolf and James Joyce. The investigation highlights how the novel’s form progressively moved from external action and moral didacticism towards an intense focus on internal consciousness, subjective experience, and formal experimentation. The findings underscore the novel’s development as a mirror to changing philosophical, social, and psychological understandings of the individual and society.

Til – bu inson tafakkuri, dunyoqarashi va madaniyatining eng muhim ifodachisidir. Har bir xalq o‘zining ijtimoiy-madaniy hayotini, urf-odatlari va qadriyatlarini tili orqali ifodalaydi. Shu bois til va madaniyat o‘rtasidagi aloqadorlik masalasi zamonaviy tilshunoslikda eng dolzarb mavzulardan biri sanaladi.

Ushbu tezisda korxonalardagi texnologik jarayonlarni optimallashtirish masalalari, uning samaradorlikka ta’siri va ilg‘or usullari haqida so‘z boradi. Optimallashtirish orqali ishlab chiqarish hajmini oshirish, resurslardan samarali foydalanish va tannarxni kamaytirish mumkinligi asoslab beriladi. Korxonalardagi texnologik jarayonlarni optimallashtirish zamonaviy ishlab chiqarish tizimlarining samaradorligini oshirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ushbu jarayon ishlab chiqarish hajmini ko‘paytirish, resurslardan tejamkorlik bilan foydalanish, energiya sarfini kamaytirish va mahsulot sifatini yaxshilash imkonini beradi. Tezisda optimallashtirishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilinib, uning korxona iqtisodiy samaradorligiga ta’siri asoslab beriladi. Shuningdek, ilg‘or usullar – sun’iy intellekt, raqamli modellashtirish va avtomatlashtirilgan boshqaruv tizimlari yordamida texnologik jarayonlarni takomillashtirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ushbu izlanish natijalari ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarining innovatsion yondashuvlar orqali optimallashtirilishining ahamiyatini ko‘rsatib beradi.

Oliy ta’limda fizika fanini o‘qitishda qo‘llanilayotgan yangi metodlar va texnologiyalar tahlil qilinadi. Interfaol o‘qitish, muammoli yondashuv, modulli ta’lim va raqamli vositalarning dars samaradorligini oshirishdagi roli ko‘rsatilib, talabalarning amaliy va tahliliy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishga xizmat qiluvchi asosiy tendensiyalar yoritiladi.

Ushbu maqolada aralash ta’lim texnologiyasini oliy o‘quv yurtlari, turli xil kurslar va boshqa ta’lim muassasalarida qo‘llashning bir qator afzalliklari va kamchiliklari, xorijiy universitetda qo‘llanilgani va qanday samara bergani, aralash ta’limning mazmun va mohiyati, professor-o‘qituvchi va talabalar uchun ahamiyati, samaradorligi yoritilgan. Bundan tashqari xorijiy an’anaviy ta’lim tadqiqot keltirilgan. Aralash ta’limda pedagogik tamoyillar ham keltirib o‘tilgan.

This article examines the functional role of phraseological units in historical-scientific written sources, focusing on how these stable linguistic constructions contribute to the conceptual, cognitive, and stylistic organization of scholarly discourse. By analyzing a range of historical scientific texts, the study reveals how phraseological units encode culturally conditioned knowledge, preserve disciplinary traditions, and support the transmission of scientific ideas across time. Special attention is given to their methodological functions – such as framing arguments, structuring scientific explanation, and shaping domain-specific terminology. The research also identifies the mechanisms through which certain phraseological expressions undergo semantic stabilization, re-interpretation, or terminologization within scientific discourse. The findings highlight the importance of phraseological units as carriers of disciplinary memory and as tools for maintaining the continuity of scientific thought.

Kasbiy ta’lim tashkilotlarida boshqaruv shakllari, strategik boshqaruvning mohiyati, operativ boshqaruvning ahamiyati, innovatsion boshqaruvning samaradorligi kabi masalalar keng yoritilgan.

Ushbu tezis tibbiyot oliy ta’lim muassasalarida ingliz tili o‘qitishning lingvistik va psixologik xususiyatlarini o‘rganadi. Tibbiyot ingiliz tilining asosiy murakkabligi — terminologiya hajmining katta bo‘lishi, klinik matnlarning strukturaviy murakkabligi va kasbiy kommunikativ kompetensiya talab qilinishidir. Psixologik jihatdan tibbiyot talabalari yuqori o‘quv yuklamasi, stress, nutqiy xavotir va vaqt cheklovi tufayli til o‘rganishda qiyinchiliklarga duch keladi. Tadqiqot kuzatuv, so‘rovnoma va lingvistik xatolar tahliliga asoslandi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, kasbiy terminologiyani yodlashda, klinik vaziyatlarda ingliz tilidan foydalanishda va og‘zaki muloqotda psixologik to‘siqlar mavjud. Tavsiyalar sifatida simulyatsion darslar, klinik “role-play”lar, terminologiyani tizimlashtirilgan o‘qitish va motivatsion psixologik yondashuvlar taklif etiladi.

Ushbu maqolada tasviriy san’atda «xarakter» tushunchasining mohiyati, uning tarixiy evolyutsiyasi va badiiy asarda ifodalanish usullari tahlil qilinadi. Xarakter yaratishda portret janrining alohida o‘rni, psixologizmning ahamiyati, shuningdek, kompozitsiya, rang va uslub kabi tasviriy vositalarning roli ochib beriladi. Maqolada jahon va o‘zbek tasviriy san’ati namoyandalari ijodidan misollar keltirilib, xarakterning nafaqat tashqi qiyofani aks ettirish, balki insonning ichki dunyosi, ruhiy kechinmalari va ijtimoiy mavqeini ifodalovchi murakkab hodisa ekanligi ko‘rsatiladi. Zamonaviy san’atdagi yangi yondashuvlar va texnologiyalarning xarakter tasviriga ta’siri ham ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha taʼlim tashkilotlarida teatrlashtirilgan o‘yinlarni tashkil etish jarayonida uchraydigan muammolar, ularning kelib chiqish sabablari va pedagogik jarayonga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Teatr o‘yinlarining bolalar nutqi, ijtimoiy-emotsional rivojlanishi hamda ijodiy tafakkurini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni ilmiy adabiyotlar asosida yoritiladi. Tadqiqot yakunida muammolarni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha amaliy takliflar beriladi.

The influence of French on the evolution of the English language represents one of the most decisive phases in its historical development. Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, Anglo-Norman French became the language of administration, law, literature, and the aristocracy, while English persisted among the general population. Over several centuries, intense bilingual contact led to profound lexical borrowing, particularly in domains such as governance, jurisprudence, religion, warfare, education, cuisine, fashion, and abstract thought. This contact also affected English morphology and stylistics: many native terms were replaced or semantically narrowed, and Romance affixation patterns entered Middle English word-formation. The gradual re-emergence of English as the dominant public language in the late Middle Ages did not reverse French influence; rather, it resulted in a layered lexicon where Germanic and Romance items co-exist with distinct stylistic and register implications. Thus, French did not merely enrich the vocabulary of English but contributed structurally and functionally to its transformation from a predominantly Germanic idiom into a hybridized, highly stratified lexicon characteristic of Modern English.

This article examines the syntactic development of Middle English (circa 1150–1500 CE), focusing on shifts in word order, clause structure, and the interaction of morphology with emerging positional constraints. The study explores the decline of inflectional endings inherited from Old English, the increasing reliance on rigid subject–verb–object sequences, and the introduction of auxiliary constructions. Furthermore, the article evaluates the influence of French and Latin on subordinate clause patterns and the gradual emergence of modern English syntax.

Maqolada ma’lumotlarni tozalash jarayonining ahamiyati va yo‘qolgan qiymatlar (missing values) hamda shovqinli ma’lumotlar (noisy data) bilan ishlash usullari tahlil qilinadi. Ma’lumotlarni tozalash, ma’lumotlar tahlili va modellashtirish jarayonida yuzaga keladigan muammolarni hal etishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Yo‘qolgan qiymatlar va shovqinli ma’lumotlar model samaradorligini pasaytirishi mumkin, shu sababli ularni aniqlash va to‘g‘rilash usullari keng muhokama qilinadi. Maqolada yo‘qolgan qiymatlar bilan ishlashning asosiy usullari, masalan, interpolatsiya, o‘rta qiymat bilan to‘ldirish, va shovqinli ma’lumotlarni aniqlash va optimallashtirish usullari, masalan, ma’lumotlarni filtrlash va normallashtirish, keltirilgan. Maqolada shuningdek, ma’lumotlarni tozalashning umumiy metodologiyasi, uni qanday qilib real dunyo masalalariga tatbiq etish va modelning samaradorligini oshirishga yordam berishi hamda bu jarayonning muhimligi haqida gapiriladi.

Ushbu maqolada kompyuter ko‘rishning real vaqt tizimlarida qo‘llanilishi o‘rganiladi. Xususan, yo‘l belgilari aniqlashning asosiy bosqichlari, avtonom transport vositalarida vizual tizimlarning ishlash tamoyili hamda video tracking texnologiyalarining algoritmlari tahlil qilinadi. Mavzu sun’iy intellekt, aqlli transport tizimlari va xavfsizlik sohalarida kompyuter ko‘rishning ahamiyati ortib borayotgani uchun dolzarb hisoblanadi. Maqolada nazariy tushunchalar bilan birga amaliy qo‘llanilishlar ham yoritilgan.

Ushbu maqolada ixtiyoriy shakldagi sohada ayirma usuli orqali hosil qilingan elliptik tipdagi differensial tenglamalarni samarali yechish masalasi ko‘rib chiqiladi. Poperekenno–Uchburchakli Metod (PTM)ning notekis to‘rlarda yuzaga keladigan spektral beqarorligi matematik jihatdan asoslab beriladi. Spektrni tekislovchi maxsus diagonal operator kiritilgan Modifikatsiyalangan PTM (MPTM) metodi taklif etiladi hamda uning barqaror konvergensiyasi uchun zarur shartlar chiqariladi. MPTMning shartlilik soni to‘r qadamlarining notekisligidan mustaqil ekanligi isbotlanadi va energiya norma bo‘yicha iteratsion jarayonning geometriyaga bog‘liq bo‘lmagan yaqinlashish tezligi baholanadi. Taklif etilgan metod ixtiyoriy soha, murakkab chegaraviy chiziqlar va lokal maydalanadigan to‘rlar uchun barqaror yechim olish imkonini beradi hamda katta o‘lchamli elliptik masalalar uchun algoritmik jihatdan samarali yondashuv sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi.

Maqolada faoliyat xavfsizligini taʼminlashda ergonomik koʻrsatkichlarning ahamiyati va ularning ish unumdorligi, xodim salomatligi hamda ish jarayonining xavfsizligiga taʼsiri tahlil qilinadi. Ergonomika tushunchasi, antropometrik, fiziologik, psixologik va mikroiqlim koʻrsatkichlari bilan bogʻliq asosiy tamoyillar koʻrib chiqiladi. Ish joyi va jihozlarning ergonomik jihatdan mosligini baholash usullari, shuningdek, xavfsiz va qulay ish muhiti yaratish boʻyicha tavsiyalar taqdim etiladi. Ergonomik yondashuvning faoliyat samaradorligi va xodimning ruhiy-jismoniy farovonligini oshirishdagi oʻrni alohida urgʻulanadi.

Maqolada davlatlarning tashqi ta'sirlarga qarshi samarali siyosat yuritish mexanizmlari, strategik chora-tadbirlar va ularni amalga oshirish usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tashqi ta'sirlarni yumshatish siyosati mamlakatning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy barqarorligini saqlash, xavfsizlikni mustahkamlash va ichki siyosiy mustaqillikni ta’minlashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Shu bilan birga, maqolada tashqi siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy omillarning davlat faoliyatiga ta’sirini kamaytirish yo‘llari ham ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Maqolada ma'lumotlarni normalizatsiya va standarlashtirish usullari va ularning mashinalarning o'qitish jarayonidagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, o‘lchamlarni qisqartirishning samarali usuli bo‘lgan Principal Component Analysis (PCA) amaliyoti yoritiladi. PCA metodikasi, katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlar to‘plamlarida asosiy komponentlarni aniqlashga yordam beradi va bu, ma’lumotlarning yuqori o‘lchamli joylarda qiyinchiliklar keltirib chiqaradigan strukturasini soddalashtiradi. Maqolada PCA metodining ishlash prinsipi, afzalliklari va mashinalarning o‘qitishdagi o‘rni haqida batafsil tahlil beriladi. Shu bilan birga, PCA metodini amaliyotda qo‘llashning asosiy nuqtalari va uning ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilishdagi o‘rinlari ko‘rsatiladi.

Ushbu maqola boshlang`ich sinflarda mantiqiy fikrlashni shakllantirish va rivojlantirish muhimligi, nazariy va amaliy asoslariga bag`ishlangan. Fikrlash ko`nikmalarini rivojlantirishning ta`lim jarayonidagi o`rni va yosh bolalar fikrlash jarayonining rivojlanish bosqichlari tahlil qilingan. Pedagoglar uchun amaliy tavsiyalar va innovatsion yondashuvlar bilan fikrlashni shakllantirish jarayonining samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan.

This article explores how readers can learn both formal and casual English through characters in stories. Language in literature often mirrors real social communication, offering examples of how people speak in different contexts. The study focuses on how fictional dialogue helps learners recognize distinctions between formal and informal English, such as vocabulary, tone, grammar, and context. This article uses a qualitative approach to examine how learners can effectively use character dialogue as a natural and motivational tool for studying the nuances of English

This study explores how critical thinking skills can be developed through structured reading, writing, and discussion activities. By engaging learners in analytical reading, reflective writing, and collaborative discussion, educators can foster higher-order thinking, enhance problem-solving abilities, and promote deeper understanding of complex concepts. The findings suggest that integrating these activities into the curriculum supports active learning, encourages independent reasoning, and prepares students to evaluate information critically in academic and real-world contexts.

This study investigates the use of game-based assessment (GBA) to measure communicative competence in a playful and interactive way. By incorporating games into assessment tasks, learners are encouraged to engage actively, apply language meaningfully, and demonstrate authentic communication skills. The findings suggest that playful assessment enhances motivation, provides detailed insights into students’ communicative abilities, and offers practical guidance for educators seeking innovative and effective evaluation methods.

This study explores the effectiveness of Task-Based Learning (TBL) in integrating reading, writing, and speaking skills in English language education. Through task-oriented activities, learners engage in meaningful communication that promotes the simultaneous development of multiple language skills. Reading tasks provide input and context, writing tasks encourage organization and expression of ideas, while speaking tasks foster fluency and interaction. The research highlights that TBL creates authentic learning environments, increases learner motivation, and enhances overall language proficiency. Findings suggest that task-based instruction not only bridges the gap between receptive and productive skills but also supports collaborative learning and real-life language use.

This study examines the effectiveness of using poems, stories, and everyday conversations as meaningful tools for learning English. Literary texts such as poems and stories provide rich linguistic input, expose learners to authentic expressions, and develop cultural awareness. Poems help improve pronunciation, rhythm, and vocabulary through their musical and emotional qualities, while stories enhance reading comprehension, imagination, and narrative skills. Everyday conversations, on the other hand, support the development of communicative competence by introducing learners to real-life language use, common phrases, and natural speech patterns. When used together, these three resources create a balanced learning environment that strengthens listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities. The study concludes that integrating literature and daily communication provides learners with engaging, motivating, and effective ways to improve their English proficiency.

This study investigates the impact of gamified learning platforms—specifically Kahoot, Quizizz, and Blooket—on language retention among learners of various proficiency levels. With the increasing integration of digital tools in education, gamification has gained prominence as a strategy to enhance student engagement, motivation, and long-term memory retention. The research explores how interactive game-based activities influence vocabulary acquisition, grammar recall, and overall language comprehension. Findings indicate that learners who regularly engage with gamified platforms demonstrate improved retention rates compared to those using traditional instructional methods. Additionally, the immediate feedback, competitive elements, and collaborative features embedded in these platforms contribute to higher levels of participation and sustained interest in language learning. The study concludes that gamified learning environments serve as effective supplementary tools that can significantly enhance language retention and learner motivation.

The article explores the grammatical categories of adjectives, prepositions, and numerals in the Old English (OE) period, highlighting their forms, functions, and syntactic roles. Adjectives in OE were characterized by strong and weak declensions, varying according to gender, number, and case, which directly influenced noun modification and agreement. Prepositions, as essential markers of syntactic relationships, were used with either the dative or accusative cases, often indicating spatial, temporal, or metaphorical relations. The study also examines numerals, distinguishing between cardinal, ordinal, and distributive types, and their inflectional patterns within OE morphology. By analyzing textual examples from OE manuscripts, the article demonstrates how these word classes contributed to sentence structure, meaning, and stylistic nuances. Additionally, it traces the evolution of these categories and their gradual simplification into Middle English, reflecting changes in inflection, word order, and semantic usage. The study provides valuable insights into the linguistic system of Old English, emphasizing the interaction between morphology and syntax, and offering a foundation for understanding the historical development of English grammar.

Borliq falsafasi — falsafaning eng qadimgi ва асосий бўлимларидан бири бўлиб, у mavjudlikning умумий қонунлари, narsalar mohiyati, olamning tuzilishi ва insonning undagi o‘rnini ўрганади. Ushbu докладда borliq tushunchasining falsafiy mazmuni, uning shakllari ва kategoriyalari, mavjudlikning turli yondashuvlari ҳамда zamonaviy falsafiy talqinlari ёритилади.

Ushbu dokladda falsafiy antropologiyaning mazmuni, predmeti, metodologik asoslari, tarixiy shakllanish jarayoni va uning zamonaviy fanlar tizimidagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Insonning kelib chiqishi, mohiyati, ijtimoiy tabiatining shakllanishi, hayot mazmuni, qadriyatlari va erkinligi haqidagi falsafiy qarashlar tahlil qilinadi. Asarda klassik va zamonaviy mutafakkirlarning inson haqidagi ta’limotlari solishtirildi va insonni tushunishda falsafiy antropologiyaning ahamiyati ko‘rsatib berildi.

This article analyzes the role of magic and wizards in medieval romantic literature. Magic is considered not only as a fantastical element that enriches the plot, but also as a means of reflecting the personal development of characters, moral decisions, and social and religious values. The article explores the symbolic meaning of magic, its connection with fantastical elements, and its relationship to medieval society and religious views. It also analyzes in detail how magic plays a role in defining important turning points in the characters' internal struggles and adventures.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the assessment systems in schools of Great Britain and Uzbekistan. The UK system is largely based on standardized external examinations, including GCSEs and A-levels, which ensure fairness, transparency, and comparability across institutions. In contrast, Uzbekistan traditionally relies on teacher-led assessments using a 5-point grading scale. Recent reforms in Uzbekistan aim to implement criterion-based, competency-oriented assessment systems that emphasize continuous evaluation and broader skill development. The article examines the structure, grading practices, advantages, and challenges of both systems and offers insights into the implications of these differences for educational quality and student outcomes.

Ushbu maqolada dorivor tirnoqgul (Calendula officinalis L.) navlarining urug‘ hosildorligi va urug‘ sifat ko‘rsatkichlarining agrotexnologik omillarga bog‘liqligi ilmiy asosda o‘rganildi. Navlarning biologik xususiyatlari Radio (nazorat) naviga nisbatan qiyosiy tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, Orange King va Orange Porcupine navlari urug‘ massasi, 1000 dona urug‘ og‘irligi va maydon hosildorligi bo‘yicha eng yuqori ko‘rsatkichlarga ega ekani aniqlandi.

Uch fazali (abc) tizimni statsionar (αβ) va aylanuvchi (dq) koordinatalarga o‘tkazishning matematik modeli ishlab chiqildi. Matlab/Simulink muhitida qurilgan modellashtirish bloki yordamida stator kuchlanish va tok signallari dq komponentalarga aylantirildi, ularning rotor burchagi bilan bog‘liqligi va dinamik xatti-harakati tahlil qilindi. Simulyatsiya natijalari transformatsiyalar DMSG matematik modelini sezilarli soddalashtirishini, vektor boshqaruv algoritmlarini samarali qo‘llash imkonini berishini ko‘rsatdi.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy fanlar rivoji jarayonida pedagogik texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqishning nazariy asoslari, amaliy yo‘nalishlari hamda ta’lim jarayoniga integratsiya qilish mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi. Raqamli ta’lim platformalari, interaktiv metodlar va innovatsion o‘quv texnologiyalari o‘quvchilarning kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirishda qay darajada samaradorlik ko‘rsatishi ilmiy jihatdan yoritiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy fanlar bilan bog‘liq o‘quv jarayonini modernizatsiya qilish, pedagogik jarayonni individuallashtirish va adaptiv o‘qitish imkoniyatlari statistik ma’lumotlar hamda tahliliy yondashuvlar asosida baholanadi.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada siyosiy qarashlarning paydo boʻlish tarixi, rivojlanish bosqichlari, qadimgi gʻarb va sharq faylasuflarining fikr va mulohazalari haqida fikr yuritilgan.

Ushbu maqolada kadrlar malakasini oshirish va qayta tayyorlash tizimining zamonaviy tashkilotlar raqobatbardoshligini oshirishdagi o‘rni ilmiy asosda tahlil qilinadi. Inson kapitaliga investitsiya qilish, xodimlarning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini rivojlantirish va korporativ o‘quv tizimlarini takomillashtirishning iqtisodiy samaradorlikka ta’siri o‘rganildi. Empirik kuzatishlar hamda nazariy manbalar asosida malaka oshirish tizimi samaradorligini oshiruvchi omillar yoritilgan.

This article examines the influence of the Renaissance on English literature. It analyzes how the Renaissance influenced the form and content of literature through its humanism, the emergence of new genres and styles, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture, and the development of human thought. The article cites the works of William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and other Renaissance writers as examples. At the same time, it shows that the Renaissance made the human psyche and individual experience a central theme in literature, and developed new genres (drama, sonnet, essay) and means of expression. The article will help researchers, students, and readers understand the role and significance of the Renaissance in the history of English literature.

The main objective of this research is to provide a systematic phraseographic description of phraseological units used in scientific discourse. The study examines how such units are identified, classified, defined, and represented in phraseographic sources, with particular attention to their semantic structure, functional specificity, and contextual usage in scientific texts. Existing linguistic studies on phraseology and phraseography are reviewed in order to demonstrate different scholarly approaches to the description of phraseological units within scientific discourse. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that phraseological units, despite their stable structure, exhibit specific functional and semantic features in scientific texts that require accurate lexicographic and phraseographic treatment. The research tasks include clarifying the criteria for selecting phraseological units in scientific discourse, determining their typological characteristics, and analyzing methods of their phraseographic representation. To achieve these aims, the study employs a range of linguistic and interdisciplinary methods, including descriptive analysis, componential and semantic analysis, contextual analysis, and elements of communicative and functional linguistics.

This article explores the formation, evolution, and integration of neologisms in Modern English. Neologisms, as newly coined words or phrases, reflect linguistic creativity, technological progress, cultural change, and global communication dynamics. The research focuses on the mechanisms of word creation, the sociolinguistic factors driving lexical innovation, and the role of digital media in accelerating the spread of new vocabulary. Analytical attention is given to morphological, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of neologisms, as well as the processes of acceptance, standardization, and dictionary inclusion. The study offers a comprehensive overview of how neologisms shape and enrich contemporary English.